New Economics of Migration
New economic theorists argue that households send workers abroad not to improve income in absolute terms, but also to increase income relative to other households, and reduce deprivation compared with some reference group.
Some of those forces are economic: a higher standard of living, the chance to find a better job, or a more comfortable safety net.
However, other forces are at play as well, such as superior amenities (e.g. air quality), a democratic political system, and access to a better education system.
“Circular migration [is defined as] multiple migration, in which a person enters the destination country at least once (or is born there), then moves to the country of origin, the country of nationality or a third country, and then returns to the destination country.