USING BORON AS AN AUXILIARY FLUX IN PORCELAIN TILE
Porcelain tile composition GP (wt%). 3.1.2 Experimental development. Conditioning the compositions and raw materials. Two compositions were prepared for
SYSTEMS FOR INSTALLING THIN PORCELAIN TILES
page 07. 4.1. CONCRETE page 08. 4.2. CONVENTIONAL CEMENTITIOUS SCREEDS page 08. 4.3. SCREEDS MADE FROM SPECIAL BINDERS OR. PRE-BLENDED MORTAR.
Characterization of cellular ceramics made by porcelain tile residues
Abstract. This work deals with physical structural and mechanical characterization of cellular ceramics obtained from porcelain tile polishing residues.
TILE GUIDE
Ceramic tiles are made using natural red brown or white clay. Firstly the clay is fired at a high temperature to reduce the water content
CERAMIC TILES – DEFINITIONS CLASSIFICATION
A tile formed from a finely milled body mixture and shaped in molds at high pressure and designated as Group B. 3.8 Water absorption. The percentage of water
MANUFACTURE OF PORCELAIN TILE WITH SELECTED RAW
After their characteristics had been studied porcelain tile bodies were formulated with these raw materials and sludge wastes from the ceramic tile production
ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCT DECLARATION porcelain stoneware
21 fév. 2020 These tiles are manufactured by Tecnigrés and Azulejos y Pavimentos SA. located in. Sant Joan de Moró
Information on Ilukas Titanium Dioxide and Zircon Customer Base
7 mar. 2014 produced in China the largest global tile producer. ... Across tile types
INFLUENCE OF THE NATURE OF THE GRANULES ON
Porcelain tiles are traditionally made from granules prepared by spray drying. However in recent years the literature [2] has pointed out the possibility of
PORCELAIN VS CERAMIC
The major difference between porcelain tile and ceramic tile is how it's made. Both tiles are made from a clay mixture that's fired in a kiln but porcelain
Porcelain Tile Production Process - Landmark Ceramics
will reveal the different processes involved in the creation of porcelain tiles From the collection and storage of different fine raw materials the creation of atomized material (the soul of porcelain) the pressing the traditional and high definition digital decoration the firing up to 2500°F
PORCELAIN IN THE CERAMIC TILE INDUSTRY - tcnatilecom
This means that porcelain which has commonly been made from pressed clay light in color and abundant in kaolinite with very few impurities could also be made from organic-rich red clays that are either pressed or extruded so long as the ?red product has a low enough water absorption Brazilian de?nitions target absorption
Porcelain vs Ceramic Tiles
porcelain tile by the Porcelain Tile Certification Agency which guarantees its performance characteristics Made with special clays and minerals that are kiln-fired at temperatures exceeding 2400° Fahrenheit porcelain ceramic tile is harder denser and more durable than other ceramic tile products It is frost proof and highly stain scratch and
PAROS SERIES - Arizona Tile
12 × 24 12 × 12 Hex 14 × 16Paros is an Italian made porcelain tile This line offers a square and rectangle field tile plus two sizes of hex tiles and a 2 × 2 mosaic mesh available in three bold yet universal colors Unleash your creativity with all of the design possibilities!
KAPLAN SERIES - Arizona Tile
Because this material is a porcelain product minimal maintenance is required For proper bonding LFT/LHT mortar for large format and heavy tiles should be used when installing tiles with a dimensional length greater than 15 inches and rectangular shape and plank tile per industry standards
le d-ib td-hu va-top mxw-100p>20% Porcemall Porcelain Tile - We are wholesale tile company
thru color rectified porcelain tile made in usa 115 S W 49th Avenue Ocala Florida 34474 • www trinitytile com • 866-774-3390 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS water absorption ASTM C-373 ? 0 5 chemical resistance ASTM C-650 Unaffected shade variation N/A V3 breaking strength ASTM C-648 ? 250 lbs ? 1300 N frost reistance ASTM C-1026
Are ceramic and porcelain tiles the same thing?
- Porcelain and ceramic tiles are similar in many ways, but they’re definitely not the same thing. Ceramic tiles are great for indoor use, especially if you’re trying to stay on a budget. Porcelain tiles are practically waterproof, making them perfect for outside use.
Is porcelain better than ceramic tile?
- Porcelain tiles are denser, more water resistant and thus more durable than ceramic tiles. Porcelain tiles can thus be used in areas with heavy foot traffic and they will perform better than ceramic tiles.
What is the difference between ceramic and porcelain tile?
- • Porcelain tiles are more durable than ceramic tiles. • Ceramic tiles are easier to install. • Porcelain tiles absorb less water than ceramic tiles, thus proving more suitable for outdoor applications. • Another major difference pertains to styling patterns on the tiles. In ceramic tiles, the design appears on the glaze of the tile.
Is porcelain better than ceramic?
- Whether one material is better than the other also depends on the use. Porcelain is denser and non-porous; this makes it more durable than ceramic and a better choice for shower and bathroom tiles. That doesn’t mean that you can’t install ceramic tiles in a bathroom, however.
CASTELL6N(SPAIN)
USINGBORON
ASANAUXILIARYFLUXIN
PORCELAINTILECOMPOSITIONS
A.Moreno,J.Garcia-Ten, E. Bou, A.Gozalbo
InstitutodeTecnologfaCeramica.
Asociaci6n
deInvestigaci6ndelasIndustriasCeramicas.Universitat[aume1.Castell6n.Spain.
J.Simon,S.Cook,M.Galindo
BoraxEuropeLtd.
1.INTRODUCTION
However,theirlarge-scale
oxide(B 2 0 3) consumptionofboronoxide,estimatedat 1.5milliontonsof B 2 0 3 peryear. Boron commercialglasses.Itactsas a fluxandnetworkformer,allowingtheformulationof glasses playsakeyroleas alowtemperaturefluxwhenthealkalinelevelsarelimitedbyother resistance, oxidefacilitatesglazethermalexpansionandmeltingtemperaturefit tothe glazesforceramicfloorandwalltiles,aswellas fortableware,besidesplayingadecisive rolein theformulationoflead-freeglazes.P.GI - 77
CASTELL6N(SPAIN)
lighting,laboratories, medicine,kitchenutensilsor LCDscreens. In applicationsaredueto itsfluxingeffect, astudywasundertakeninthisworkofthe manufacturinglowporosityceramicbodies.2. OBJECTIVESANDSCOPE
Thisstudyhastwoobjectives:
- To tilebodies, - To quantityofboron.3. EFFECT OFBORONONTHEBEHAVIOURANDPROPERTIES OF FLOOR TILE
BODIES
firingstonewareandporcelaintilebodies.Thefollowingaspects
weretackledinthispartofthestudy: suspensionrheologicalbehaviour -behaviourduringthepressingstage behaviourduringfiring3.1.EXPERIMENTAL
3.1.1Materials
Tables 1 to 3showthebodycompositionsinvolved(redandwhitefiringfloortileP.GI-78
44, whosestoichiometric
compositionis CaO·MgO·3B 2 0 3·6H
2 0 .RawmaterialContent(%)
Moro clay34
Villar I clay32
Villar2 clay32
Table1.Red-firing stoneware
compositionPGR(wt%).RawmaterialContent(%)
Teruel clay30
English clay
20Potassiumsodium feldspar30
Lepidolite
20Table2.White-firing stoneware
compositionPGB(wt%).RawmaterialContentCOlo)
Ukrainianclay50
Sodiumfeldspar40
Feldspathic sand10
Table3.Porcelain tile composition GP(wt%).
3.1.2Experimentaldevelopment
Conditioningthecompositions and rawmaterials.
Before
Theclaysweredrymilledinahammermillwithanoutputscreenmeshof 1mm,whereas the non-plasticrawmaterialswerewetmilledin aballmillto arejectof 2%ona 75 urn me hydroboracite,intheappropriatepercentages(Tables 1and3)andthenwetmilleduntil the followingrejectswereobtained: redsto newarefloortile: 4-5%at 63urn whitestonewarefloortile: 2-3%at 63urn porcelaintile: 1.0-1.5%at 40 urnRheologicalbehaviour
suspensionswasstudied bydeterminingthedeflocculationcurves.Tocarryoutthistest, suspensions were partssodium metasilicate(SMT)andonepartsodiumtripolyphosphate(STPP). The mea suringinstrumentusedwasaGallemkampviscometerwitha no. 30torsionwire. Int hesetests,the solidscontentofthesuspensionswaskeptconstantforeachtype valueswere 68%forthePGRcompositions,72%forthePGBcompositionsand67%for theGP compositions.P.GI-79
til'QUALICQJl.,2000Behaviourduring thepressingstage
CASTELL6N(SPAIN)
moisturecontentof 5.5 %(drybase)anddifferentpressingpressureswhichvaried accordingtothetypeofbody.Thetest
specimensweredriedtoconstantweightat 110°C inanelectriclaboratory immersionmethod.Behaviourduring thefiringstage
ofthisvariable.Firing
tookplaceinanelectriclaboratorykilnwitha fastfiringcycleando-min outbyforcedconvection.Bulkdensity,linear
specimens.Bulk fortwohoursinboilingwater.Evolutionofcrystallinephasesduringfiring
phasesduringfiring,9.5 wt% ofHydroboracitewasaddedtotheporcelaintile composition.This TestGPHB,following
compositionwithouthydroboracite(GP) inordertohavereferencespecimens. thediffractogramswiththeJCPDS files forpurecrystallinephases.TostudytheevolutionP.GI - 80
CASTELL6N(SPAIN)
3.2 RESULTSOBTAINEDANDDISCUSSION
Rheologicalbehaviour
Figures1, 2and3showtheinfluenceofhydroboraciteonthebehaviourofthe compositionsshiftedthecurves morehydroboracitetoachieveworkingviscosity.Thiseffectappearedto bemore pronouncedinthewhitebodycompositions,as inthesecompositionsitwasnecessaryto raise theamountofdeflocculantby 0.5%,whereasthedeflocculantincreasefortheredbody compositionswasonly0.2%.Ontheotherhand,it isworthpointingoutthattheaddition flocculants I1J,thereforerequiringtheadditionof agreaterquantityofdeflocculant J, theboroniondid [OPGR--I·1.10.90.7
?PGB+O.9%HB0.50.34000
35003000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0.\1.51.31.1
40003500
3000
2500
i 2000
1500
1000
500
0 0.5
0.70.9
Figure1.Deflocculationcurvesof
the redbodycompositions.Figure2.Deflocculationcurvesof thewhite bodycompositions.Behaviourduring thepressingstage
Fig. 4plotsthecompactiondiagramsofthedifferentcompositions.Bulkdensity rosein allthestudiedcompositionsasappliedpressureincreased,theexperimentaldata inthesetypesofcompositions.[1]PUGH,R.J.;BERGSTROM,L.Surfaceandcolloidchemistry in advancedceramicsprocessing.NewYork:MarcelDekker,1994.
[2] REED,J.5.Principlesofceramicprocessing.2nded.NewYork:JohnWiley, 1995. [3]HOWLES;J.A.EffectsofBoronCompoundIncorporationinto a WhitewareBody,February,1999,mastersthesis,AlfredUniversity,
pp14-31Carty[4]ROSSINGTON,K.R.;CARTY,W.M.TheEffectsof IonicConcentrationon the Viscosity of aClay-BasedSystem;1998,Ceramic
EngineeringScienceProceedings,vol 19, no. 2.,pp65-76.P.GI-81
til"QUALIC02.,2000CASTELL6N(SPAIN)
Deflocculantcontent(%)
Figure3.Deflocculationcurvesof
the porcelaintilecompositions.2.20,------------------,
1000600
-PGR ---PGB -GP 300Pressure(kg/cmz)
r-OSTD-iI0STD+0.9%HBI
I.701002.10
Figure4.Compactiondiagrams.
1.80 E 2.00 c "Cl ,.:,c '31.90 CQ1.00.80.60.4
40003500
3000
=:2500 'Cij 2000Q
(j CI) 1500
1000
500
0
0.0 0.2
Behaviourduring thefiring stage
Figs. 5, 6and7presentthevitrificationdiagramsofthecompositions.Inthese For thecompositions andthereforeallowsthefiringtemperaturefortheseproductsto be reduced. 6 6 -PGR ----PGR+O.9%HBAbsorption(%)i
14 12 10'i c .e Q.. ,Q 4 211751100 1125 1150
Temperature(OC)
10750+-----+----+-----+----+------+---+0
10501200
Figure5.Vitrificationdiagramsof thered-firingstonewarefloortilecompositions.P.GI-82
Thesediagramswereusedto calculatethefiringtemperatureatwhichthefloortile speci mensattainedworkingwaterabsorption.Avalueof 4%waterabsorption(WA)was adoptedforthered-firingcompositions(T 4) andavalueof 2%forthewhite-firing compositions(T 2) . lin earshrinkage (LS)andbulkdensity(Dap).Tables4and5setouttheresults.Thetables also includethe shrinkage-temperaturecurveslopes/T) atworkingtemperature, rectangularity._ 14 12 10 2 6 4 8 1180--FGB -----FGB+O.9%HB
1160110011201140
Temperature("C)
0 1200Figure6.Vitrificationdiagramsofthe white-firingstonewarefloor tilecompositions.
2.4414
--GP 2.40 ----.GP+O.9%HB 12 10 E 2.36 '-I c Q. 0 2.32 r-. .tij c 6 .c ="Qr-. -a 2.28 QQ4 2.2422.20.·0
11201140 116011801200 1220 1240
Temperature("C)
Figure7.Vitrification diagrams oftheporcelain tile compositions. T 4 (OC)WA(%)LS(%)Dap(g/cnr') IIPGR11434.06.02.3500.055
IIPGR+0.90HB 11374.06.02.3360.045
Table4.Propertiesof thered-firing stonewarefloortile compositionswith4%waterabsorption. T 2 (OC)WA(%)LS(%)Dap (g/crrr')PGB11792.07.12.2920.031
PGB+0.90 HB 11552.07.32.2840.027
Table5.Propertiesof thewhite-firingstonewarefloortile compositionswith2%waterabsorption.P.GI-83
e-2 0 0 0CASTELL6N(SPAIN)
Itcan beobservedthatforbothproducts,addinghydroboraciteloweredthe6°C,whereasfor thewhitebodycompositionsthereductionwasmuchhigher,between
20and25°C.
temperatures. shrinkageortheshrinkage-temperaturecurveslopes/T) as canbeinferredfromTables 4
didnotalter sizestabilityofthespecimens(thetendencyofsizeandrectangularity problemstoappear). For theporcelaintilecompositions,thetemperatureatwhichmaximumdensification (T max) wasreachedwastakenas theworkingtemperature.Thevalueofthistemperature andthepropertiescorrespondingto theporcelaintilespecimensarepresentedin Table 6.It can beobservedthatthehydroboraciteadditionloweredtheworkingtemperaturebyabout closed.Inprinciple,thissuggests thatthestainresistanceof thepolishedspecimensshould notdeteriorateonaddinghydroboraciteat thetestedpercentage. Itshouldbepointedoutthatthefiringrange(I) inwhichthespecimenspresent isheldwithoutdecreasingmorethan0.01 g/ ern"inrelationtothemaximum. T max (OC)WA(%)LS(%)Dap(g/cnr')PI*10 s(ern ")I(OC)IIGP1198 0.0 7.82.4103.624
IIGP+0.90HB 1178 0.0 7.92.4065.122
Table6.Porcelaintilespecimenpropertiesat maximumdensificationtemperatures.Evolution of crystallinephases
theX-ray absorptioneffect, asthehydroboracitecoefficientofmassabsorptionismuch lowerthanthatofthematrixinwhichit isfound. Thereflectionintensity(peaks)of acrystallinephasein asampledependsonthe [5]BROCKER; FER ADEZ,].M.Physiknlisch-chemischeuntersuchugenillsystem8 2 0 3 -5i0 2.Glastechn.Ber.39. (1966)6,283-293.
P.GI-84
QUALIC02..2000
Onlyquartz, albiteandmulliteweredetectedinthefiredspecimens. Thepeaks correspondi ngto theclayminerals(illiteandkaolinite)werenotdetectedowingto the deco mposition thatthesemineralsundergoatrelativelylowtemperatures "1000°C). Itcanbe observed inFigure 8thatsodium feldspar (albite)gradually meltedduring the firi ngoftheporcelaintile(GP) athightemperatures(>1000°C), formingaliquid phase,untilit practicallydisappearedinthecompositionat 1200°C.Quartzalso dissolvedat asl increasedat hightemperaturesowingtotheriseinliquid-phasecontentanddecreasein viscosity,whichfacilitated dissolution.Mullite wasalsoformedin risingproportionsat the tested t emperatures.Theaddition ofh
in the whole temperaturerange,indicatingaconsiderableriseinthedissolutionrateof these differ ences stemfrom B 2 0 3 2000'--'-------'X------------"------4." -'-••_-'-1:1 .........----Quartz ___4,Albite o.'" -Mullile 5
1200115011001050Green
o0 1250Temperature(0C)
Therefore, although theadditionof B
2 0 3 didnotmodifythecrystallinephases existi nginthe firedproduct,itvariedtheirproportions.Table7showsthepeakareas corresponding tothe phasesdetectedateachcomposition's working temperature,1198°C for presenceofboronin thestartingcompositionreducedtheamountofquartzandmullite dueto thecapabilityoftheformedliquidphasetodissolvebothmineralsinthemelt.On dis solutionmechanism.GP(1198°C)GPUB(1084°C)
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