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BASIC

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

ENGLISH

GRAMMAR

Second Edition

Librsry of Congrcecl Cataloging-ln-Public Data

Azar, Betty Scrampfer, 1941- Basic English grammar

I Betty Schrampfer Azar. -- 2nd ed.

D. cm. 1ncludes indexes. ISBN 0-13-368317-6 ISBN 0-13-368424-5 (v. 1). --ISBN 0-13-368358-3

(v. 2) 1. English language--Textbooks for foreign speakers. 2. English language--Grammar--Problems, exercises, etc. I. Title. PE1128.A96 1995 428.2'4--dc20 92-2571 1

CIP

Publisher: Tina B. Carver

Director of Production and Manufacnuing: Aliza Gremblan Editorial Production/Design Manager: Domini& Mosco

Editorial/Production Supervision: Janet Johnston

Editorial Assistant: ShUey Hartle

Production Coordinator: Ray Keating

Cover Coordinator: Merle Krumper

Cover Production: Molly Piks Riccardi

Cover Design: Joel Mirnick Design

Interior Design: Ros Hmon F~eese

Illustrations: Don Martinetti

01996 by Betty Schrampfer Azar

A Psarson Education Company

pearson

Bducation

10 Bank Stren

White Plains, NY 10606

All rights re9e~e.d. No part of this book may be

reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

15

ISBN 0-33-3b8337-b ISBN 0-33-3b8b29-5

(Val. A)

ISBN 0-33-3b8358-3 (Val. 0)

Contents

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION ........................................................................

................ ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................ ....................................... x

51 f .

Chapter 1 USING BEAND HAVE

........ : U fl - NOUN + IS + NOUN: SINGULAR ........................................................................ 2 NOUN +ARE + NOUN: PLURAL ........................................................................ .... 4 ................ PRONOUN + BE + NOUN 6 CONTRACTIONS WITH BE ........................................................................ ........... 7 NEGATIVE WITH BE ........................................................................ ......................... 8

BE + ADJECTIVE ........................... .... ........................................................................

. 10

BE + A LOCATION ........................................... .... .............................................. 16

................................................. SUMMARY: SENTENCE PATTERNS WITH BE 20

............................................. ........................... YESNO QUESTIONS WITH BE .. 21

QUESTIONS WITH BE: USING WHERE ............................................................... 24 ................. USING HAVE AND HAS 26 USING MY, YOUR, HIS, HER, OUR, THEIR ...................................................... 27 USING THIS AND THAT ........................................................................ ................ 30 USING THESE AND THOSE ........................................................................ ......... 31 ................................. ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WHATAND WHO +BE ....... 32 .I?'

Chapter 2 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART I)

'17'1 . L FORM AND BASIC MEANING OF THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE ................ 44

USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS: ALWAYS. USUALLY. OFTEN.

......................................................... SOMETIMES. SEL.DOM. R.4REL.Y. NEW 46 USING FREQUENCY ADVERBS WITH BE ........................................................... 47 PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -S: /Z/ AND /S/ ....................................................... 49 .................. ............... SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF FINAL -ES .. 51 .................................. ADDING FINAL -S/-ES TO WORDS THAT END IN -Y .... 1 ........................................ IRREGULAR SINGULAR VERBS: HAS, DOES, GOES 52 SUMMARY: SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION OF -SAND -ES ................... 54 THE SIMPLE PRESENT . NEGATIVE .................................................................. 57

CONTENTS . //I

2-10 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: YESNO QUESTIONS .................................................. 6 I

2-1 1 THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

.................................. WITH WHERE 64 2-12

THE SIMPLE PRESENT: ASKING INFORMATION QUESTIONS

.... WITH WHEN AND WHAT TIME 66 ........................ 2-13 SUMMARY: INFORMATION QUESTIONS WITH BE AND DO 67 2-14 USING lTTO TALK ABOUT TIME ........................................................................ 72
............... 2-1 5 PREPOSITIONS OF TIME 73 ..................................................... 2-16 USING ITTO TALK ABOUT THE WEATHER 74

Chapter 3 EXPRESSING PRESENT TIME (PART 2) "

........................................... BE + JNG: THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE 84

SPELLING OF -ZNG ................. .. ........................................................................

..... 87 THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE . QUESTIONS ....................................................... 89 .............................. THE SIMPLE PRESENT vs . THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 92 ............. NONACTION VERBS NOT USED IN THE PRESENT PROGRESSIVE 95 ............................................ SEE, LOOKAT, WATCH, HEAR, AND LISTEN TO 97 NEED AND WANT + A NOUN OR AN ............................................ 98

............................ .................................................................. WOULD LIKE ............ 100

................. WOULDLIKEvs LJKE 101 THINK ABOUT AND THINK THAT .................................................................... 102 ................................... THERE + BE 106 ........................ ......................................... THERE + BE YESNO QUESTIONS i 107 ................................ THERE + BE ASKING QUESTIONS WITH HOWMANY 109

............................................ ............................ PREPOSITIONS OF LOCATION .... 11

Chapter 4 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS

...................................................................... NOUNS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS 127

...................... ADJECTIVE + NOUN 129 .......................................... SUBJECT PRONOUNS AND OBJECT PRONOUNS 131 ................................................................... NOUNS: SINGULAR AND PLURAL 134 .............................................................. NOUNS: IRREGULAR PLURAL FORMS 139 ................................................................... NOUNS: COUNT AND NONCOUNT 141

. ................................. ................................................................... USINGANvs A .. 143

.................. USING A/AN vs SOME 144 ............................................... MEASUREMENTS WITH NONCOUNT NOUNS 150 ...................................... USING THE 156 ............................. USING 0 (NO ARTICLE) TO MAKE GENERALIZATIONS 160 .............. USING SOME AND ANY 161

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: SOMETHING, SOMEONE,

................. ANYTHING, ANYONE 163 .................................... INDEFINITE PRONOUNS: NOTHING AND NO ONE 164

Chapter 5 EXPRESSING PAST TIME ... v .

Chapter 6

USING BE: PAST TIME ....................... .... ....................................................... 171

PAST OF BE: NEGATIVE ........................................................................ ............. 172 PAST OF BE: QUESTIONS ........................................................................ ............. 173 THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE: USING -ED ................ .. ....................................... 177 PAST TIME WORDS: YESTERDAY, LAST, AND AGO ................................. 178 PRONUNCIATION OF -ED: It/, Id/, AND ladl ..................................................... 180

SPELLING OF -ED VERBS ................... .. .......................................................... 183

SPELLING OF -ED AND -ING: TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS ............................... 186 ................................... THE SIMPLE PAST: IRREGULAR VERBS .................... ... 190

THE SIMPLE PAST: NEGATIVE ........... ... ........................................................ 192

THE SIMPLE PAST: YES/NO QUESTIONS ..................................................... 9 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ........................................................................ ............ 198

THE SIMPLE PAST: USING WHERE, WHEN, WHAT TIME,

................................................ AND WHY .............................................................. ... 203

QUESTIONS WITH WHAT ..................... .... .................................................... 206

QUESTIONS WITH WHO ........................................................................ ........... 209 ASKING ABOUT THE MEANING OF A WORD ............................................... 212

MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ............... ... ............................................................. 213

BEFORE AND AFTER IN TIME CLAUSES ...................................................... 216

WHEN IN TIME CLAUSES ........................... .... ............................................... 219

.. -8

EXPRESSING FUTURE TlME

... ........................... FUTURE TIME: USING BE GOING TO .................. :..... :.L L 231 ..................................... WORDS USED FOR PAST TIME AND FUTURE TIME 235

USING A COUPLE OF OR A FEW WITH AGO (PAST) AND

LV (EUTURE) ........................................................................ ............................... 238

USING TODAY, TONIGHT, AND THIS + MORNING,

.......................................... AFTERNOON, EVENING, WEEK, MONTH, YEAR 239 FUTURE TIME: USING WILL ........................................................................ ...... 242 ASKING QUESTIONS WITH WIU ...................................................................... 243 ................................... VERB SUMMARY: PRESENT, PAST, AND FUTURE ...... 245 VERB SUMMARY: FORMS OF BE ...................................................................... 246

.................................... USING WHAT + A FORM OF DO ............................... .. 251

MAYIMIGHTvs . WILL ........................................................................ ................... 253 .................................... MAYBE (ONE WORD) vs . MAYBE (TWO WORDS) ...... 255 ................. FUTURE TIME CLAUSES WITH BEFORE, AFTER, AND WHEN 258 CLAUSES WITH IF ........................................................................ ........................ 260

EXPRESSING HABITUAL PRESENT WITH TIME CLAUSES AND

IF-CLAUSES ........................................................................ ...................................... 263 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ........................................................................ ............ 266

MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ................... ... ....................................................... 270

CONTENTS V

Chapter 7 EXPRESSING ABILITY

USING CAN ........................................................................ ....................................... 281 USING CAN: QUESTIONS ........................................................................ ............. 282 USING KNOWHOW TO ........................................................................ ................. 284 USING COULD: PAST OF CAN ........................................................................ ..... 285 USING VERY AND TOO + ADJECTIVE ............................................................. 287 USING TOO MANY AND TOO MUCH + NOUN ............................................... 290 USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + INKNITIW ......................................................... 293 USING TOO + ADJECTIVE + FOR (SOMEONE) + INFINITIVE ..................... 294 USING ADJECTIVE + ENOUGH ........................................................................ ... 295 USING ENOUGH + NOUN AND MORE + NOUN ............................................. 297 USING ENOUGH + INFINITIVE ........................................................................ ... 299 USING BERBLB TO ........................................................................ ....................... 301 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAYI. COULD I. AND CANI ........................................ 302 ................................ POLITE QUESTIONS: COULD YOU AND WOULD YOU ,304 IMPERATIVE SENTENCES ........................................................................ ............ 307 USING TWO. TOO. AND TO ........................................................................ ......... 310 MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS: AT AND IN FOR LOCATIONS .................... 311 MORE IRREGULAR VERBS ........................................................................ ............ 321

Chapter 8 NOUNS . ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

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