TURKISH GRAMMAR
The Turkish Grammar book that you have just started reading is quite different from the grammar books that you read in schools. This kind of Grammar is
Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar
Page 1. Page 2. TURKISH: A COMPREHENSIVE. GRAMMAR. Routledge Comprehensive Grammars. Comprehensive Grammars are available for the following languages: Modern
A TURKISH GRAMMAR FROM THE 17TH CENTURY
nothing is known outside Maggio's grammar. No trace of him can be found in Turkish linguistic literature and in manuscript-catalogues. He must have been an
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Language in 10 minutes: Turkish
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TURKISH GRAMMAR
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012. 3. TURKISH GRAMMAR. FOREWORD. The Turkish Grammar book that you have just started reading is quite different.
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar
Mar 26 2011 Ahmet Cevat Emre's Türk Dilbilgisi (Turkish Grammar) (1945) was the earliest comprehensive grammar to be published by the Turkish Language ...
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OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. excepting that they are not at first taught to mention or to know
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Turkish: A Comprehensive Grammar
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OTTOMAN TURKISH GRAMMAR. excepting that they are not at first taught to mention or to know
TURKISH GRAMMAR
This book consists of 114 units each on a grammaical topic The units cover the main areas of Turkish grammar The explanaions are on the let-hand page and the exercises are on the right-hand page Plenty of sample sentences and conversaions help you use grammar in real- life situaions
TURKISH GRAMMAR - Archiveorg
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012 13 LOGICAL MORPHEMIC AND ORAL SEQUENCING Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker in their books assert that the human mind has an inborn logical ability which seperates a body of thought (a sentence) into two parts to produce sentences
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Turkish Grammar in Pracice introduces grammar to learners at beginner to intermediate level. It is not a course book, but a reference and pracice book which can be used by learners atending classes or working alone. What does the book consist of? This book consists of 114 units, each on a grammaical topic.
What books should I read to learn Turkish grammar?
Studying Turkish grammar with it can be challenging in the elementary stages but this is a book that you must have in your studying repertoire. The Delights of Learning Turkish: Ya?ar Esendal Kuzucu ( Amazon) This is a self-study course book that introduces Turkish grammar with examples, dialogues, and exercises.
Can I download Turkish books as PDF & MP3?
Download Turkish books as PDF only or PDF + MP3. Learn, improve and practice your Turkish! 1. Turkish Grammar Workbooks 1 Learn and practice basic Turkish grammar points.
How many Turkish language books are there?
There are 9 Turkish language books in A1 (Early Beginner / Starter) level. The Turkish books in this level are: Turkish Grammar Workbooks 1, Turkish Vocabulary Developers 1, Turksh Dialogues 1, Basic Turkish Reading, Turkish Penfriends 1, Turkish Diaries 1, Turkish Fairy Tales 1 (Magical Crow), Turkish Fairy Tales 2 (Deer Prince), What Is What 1.
TURKISH GRAMMAR
ACADEMIC EDITION
2012KU.6(I *g.1(I
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
1TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
2TURKISH GRAMMAR
ACADEMIC EDITION
2012KU.6(I *g.1(I
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
3TURKISH GRAMMAR
FOREWORD
The Turkish Grammar book that you have just started reading is quite different from the grammar books that you read in schools. This kind of Grammar is known as traditional grammar. The main difference of a traditional grammar and that of a transformational one is that the first one describes a natural language as a static object, but the second one describes both the parts of the language engine and how it runs. This is like learning about a motionless car. There is something lacking in this description. It is the dynamics of the parts of a car that runs a hundred and twenty kilometers an hour. Traditional grammars describe only the physical appearance of a language; they do not mind what goes on behind the curtain. The mind of a human being works like the engine of a sports car. It arranges and chooses words matching one another, transforms simple sentence units to use in different parts of sentences, and recollects morphemes and phonemes to be produced by the human speech organs. All these activities are simultaneously carried out by the human mind. Another point that the traditional grammarians generally miss is that they write the grammar of a certain language to teach it to those who have been learning it from the time when they were born up to the time when they discover something called grammar. This is like teaching a language to professional speakers. Then, what is the use of a grammar? I believe most people were acquainted with it when they started learning a foreign language. Therefore, a grammar written for those who are trying to learn a second language is very useful both in teaching and learning a second language. I started teaching English as a second language in 1952, a long time ago. Years passed and one day I found myself as a postgraduate Fulbright student at the University of Texas at Austin in 1960. Although I studied there for only a short period, I learnt enough from Prof. Archibald A. Hill and Dr. De Camp to stimulate me to learn more about Linguistics. After I came back to Turkey, it was difficult to find books on linguistics in booksellers in Istanbul. Thanks to The American Library in Istanbul, I was able to borrow the books that attracted my attention. In those books, I discovered Noam Chomsky, whose name I had not heard during my stay in the U.S.A. I must confess that I am indebted to the scholars and the library above in writing this Turkish Grammar. book and to Vivatinell Warwick U.K., which sponsored to publish it.YÜKSEL GÖKNEL
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
4TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
5TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
6TURKISH GRAMMAR
ACADEMIC EDITION
YmKSEL GPKNEL
2012Vivatinell Press
Vivatinell Cosmopharmaceutics
Fetih Mah. Tunca Sk. No:2 34704
Tel: +90 216 470 09 44
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TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
7CONTENTS
Foreword 3
Contents 7
Logical, Morphemic, and Oral Sequencing 13
The Turkish Grammar 16
The Turkish Vowel and Consonant Harmony 17
The Vowel Harmony Sequence 17
The Consonant Harmony 19
Morphemes and Allomorphs 22
Derivational Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 23
Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Nouns 23
Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Adjectives 24 Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Nouns 27Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Nouns 28
Morphemes Attached to Verbs to Produce Adjectives 32Morphemes Attached to Nouns to Produce Verbs 33
Morphemes Attached to Adjectives to Produce Verbs 34Inflectional Morphemes and Their Allomorphs 34
Nominal Phrases 37
Adverbs and Adverbials 40
The Transformational Activity of the Logic 41
Form and Function in Languages 43
Using Adjectives as Adverbs 45
The Inflectional Morphemes 48
48The [LE], [LE.YIN] and [E], [DE], [DEN] Inflectional Morphemes 53 [LE] allomorphs: [le, la] 53 [LE.YIN]: 54 [E], [DE], [DEN] and [LE] Morphemes 54 [E] allomorphs: [e, a] 56 [DE] allomorphs: [de, da, te, ta] 62 [DEN] allomorphs: [den, dan, ten, tan] 64 66
Definite Noun 66
Indefinite Noun Compounds 73
7375
Prepositions and Postpositions 76
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
8 Primary Stress, Secondary Stress, and Intonation 77 [E], [DE], [DEN] Morphemes + Postpositions 86The Inflectional Morphemes Attached to Verbs 93
94103
must be 103 105
may be 106 may not be 107
The "yes - no" Questions Used With Verb "be" 108
109109
110
111
Interrogative Words 114
118The 120
121there used to be, there used to have 122 123
123
125
127
The Verbs Ending with Vowels or Consonants 131
Some Nouns Used Together With 132
The Negative Form of The Simple Present Tense 134
The Simple Present Positive Question 135
The Simple Present Negative Question 137
The Question Words Used in the Simple Present Tense 139 The Present Continuous and the Present Perfect Continuous 141 The Verbs That Are Not Used in the Simple Present in Turkish 146 148Transitive and Intransitive Verb Frames 148
Reflexive Verb Frames 149
The Passive Transformation of the Intransitive Verbs 150Reciprocal Verb Frames 152
Both Transitively and Intransitively Used English Verbs 153The Simple Past and the Present Perfect 159
167TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
9 171The Past Continuous Tense 174
The Past Perfect Continuous Tense 178
Was (were) going to 178
used to 179 The Rumor Forms of The Simple Present and The Present Cont. 181The Past Perfect Tense 182
The Future Continuous Tense 183
The Future Perfect Tense 184
Infinitives (Mastarar) 185
The [mek, mak] Infinitives 185
The [me, ma] Infinitives 185
nfinitives 185 nfinitives 185Where and How the Infinitives Are Used 187
1.(a) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used as Subject 187
1.(b) The [mak, mak] Infinitives Used before Postpositions 187
1891.(d) The [mek, mak] Infinitives Used Attached to [DEN] Morph. 189
2.(a) The [me, ma] Infinitives Used Attached to Noun Compounds 190
-, -[me-/y/i], V-[ma]- 192 -[e, a] 196 196- 197
4.(a) possessor noun+ V- 198
The Passive Infinitive 199
Modals 201
Present Modals 201
can, may [ebil, abil] 201 205have to (zorunda) 207 208
should (ought to) 209
Past Modals 211
Could 211
was (were) able to 212 would, could (polite request) 213Perfect Modals 214
must have 214TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
10 216should have (ought to have) 217 may have 218 might have 219 219
220
Transformations (English) 221
The Nominalization of the Simple English Sentences 221 The Transformation of the Simple Sentences into Determiners 226The Productivity of the Natural Languages 228
TheTransformed Simple Sentences Used as Adverbial Clauses 230Turkish Sentence Nominalizations 232
Turkish Simple Sentence Nominalization 235
Transformed Nominal Phrases 236
The infinitives with [me, ma]: 237
238Simple Sentence Nominalization 1: V - - [pers] - 238 -[ecek, acak]-[pers]- 239 --[duk]-[pers]- 240 --[duk]]-[pers]- 240
Simple Sentences with the Verb root 240
Chain Noun Compounds 241
2. V- - [pers]- 243
V--[duk]-[pers]- 247
247250
Simple Sentences and Transformed Nominal Phrases 255 The Passive Transformation and the Passive Verb Frames 257
The Verb Frames 260
The Structural Composition of the Causative Verb Frames 261A Short List of Verb Frames 262
The Order of Morphemes 268
Causative Verb Frame Examples 269
The Passive Causative 270
Syllabication 270
Dividing the Verb Compositions into Syllables 279
The Rumor Forms of the Simple Present, Continuous and Future Tenses 291Negative Verb Compositions 294
Some Example Sentences of the Verb Frames 295
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
11 Adverbial Clauses (Postpositional Adverbial Phrases) 340Time 340
before 340 after 345 when and while 346 while 349 as soon as 352 until 353 356since 357
Cause or Reason 359
361Purpose 363
Place 367
Manner 368
as 368 as if (as though) 369Result 371
372o kadar + adjective + noun-time + ki 373 373
Degree 375
Comparative Degree 375
Superlative Degree 377
Positive or Negative Equality 378
379Wish 380
wish + would 380 wish + past subjunctive 381 wish + past perfect or perfect modal 382Conditional Sentences 383
Present Real Supposition 383
Present Unreal (contrary to fact) Supposition 386
Past Real Supposition 387
Past Unreal (contrary to fact) Supposition 388
Orders and Requests 390
Plain Orders and Requests 390
Polite Requests 391
Polite Refusals 392
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
12Offers 392
393394
So do I (Neither do I) 395
Conjunctions and Transitional Phrases 396
Intensifiers 403
Reported Speech 407
Roots, Stems and Verb Frames 408
Rational Sequencing 410
Morphemic Sequencing 418
The Inflectional Allomorphs Attached to Nouns and Nominal Phrases 418 The Inflectional Allomorphs Attached to Action Vebs 420 Dual Inflectional Allomorphs Attached to Verb Roots, Stems and Frames 421 The Inflectional Allomorphs Attached to "be" (ol) Verbs 422Modal Auxiliary Verbs 423
Oral Harmonic Sequencing 425
Morphemic and Oral Sequences 428
Symbols and Abbreviations 431
References 432
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
13LOGICAL, MORPHEMIC, AND ORAL SEQUENCING
Noam Chomsky and Steven Pinker in their books assert that the human mind has an inborn logical ability which seperates a body of thought (a sentence) into two parts to produce sentences. A person thinks logically that a sentence should be about something or someone, and uses them as subjects, and uses all the information given about the subjects as predi- cates. Chomsky calls them Nominal Phrase and Verbal Phrase, in short "NP + VP". Additionally, the predicate part (VP) is also seperated into two parts as a verb, and an object 'V + NP'. These logical storages (parts) are empty before one starts learning his/her language. When someone starts hearing the sounds of his language, he loads these sounds with meaning and inserts them into these empty logical storages. The sequencing of the storages is also learned while someone is being exposed to his native language. Therefore the sequencing of the logical storages change from language to language. The logical storages and their learned sequencing are called the logical sequence of a sentence. The so called storages are also flexible enough to hold the shortest and the longest language units. The word verb "V" covers a verb root, a verb stem, or a verb frame, and all the inflectional suffixes attached to them such as "ed", "ing", "s", and auxiliary verbs such as "must", "may", "might", "can", "could", etc. preceded by them. The verbs together with these inflectional suffixes and auxiliary verbs constitude a verb composition concept and called a verb "V". All subjects and objects, whether long or short, are Nominal Phrases. If a verb is intransitive, it does not need an object (NP), so the predicate part has only a verb, and some adverbs or adverbials. The predicates that have "be" verbs are also considered Verbal Phrases.The sentences described above are of three kinds:
1. A subject, a transitive verb, and an object: Jack killed a mouse.
subj V obj (NP)NP VP
2. A subject and an intransitive verb: Jack sleeps.
subj VNP VP
3. A subject and a "be" complement: Jack is brave.
subj VNP VP
TURKISH GRAMMAR ACADEMIC EDITION 2012
14 Although these logical storages are inborn, their sequencing is learned through the experiences of an individual. Therefore, the sequencing of the subject and predicate, and that of the subject, verb, and object change from language to language. For instance in English:I am coming.
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