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Language Practice

with key

Michael Vince

with Peter Sunderland

English Grammar and

Vocabulary

MACMILLAN

Macmillan Education

Between Towns Road, Oxford OX4 3PP

A division of Macmillan Publishers Limited

Companies and representatives throughout the world

ISBN 1 405 00762 1 with key

ISBN 1 405 00761 3 without key

Text © Michael Vince 2003

Design and illustration © Macmillan Publishers Limited 2003

First published 1994

This edition published 2003

All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.

Designed by Mike Brain Graphic Design Limited

Layout and composition by Newton Harris Design Partnership

Cover design by Oliver Design

Illustrated by:

Ed McLachlan pp 109; Julian Mosedale pp 12, 39, 110, 123, 153,

176, 195, 217, 225, 257; David Parkins pp 3, 42, 73;

Martin Shovel pp 10, 16, 56, 70, 117, 147, 235, 285; Bill Stott pp 122; Kingsley Wiggin pp 24, 27, 57, 191, 220.

Photographs by:

Eyewire, Photodisc and Andrew Oliver.

The author would like to thank the many schools and teachers who have commented on these materials. Also special thanks to

Peter Sunderland and Sarah Curtis.

Printed and bound in Italy

by G. Canale and C. S.p. A Borgaro T.se, Turin

2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

10 987 654 321

Contents

IntroductionVlll

Grammar 1

Grammar 2

Present time

Basic contrasts: present simple and present continuous

State verbs and event (action or dynamic) verbs

State verbs normally without a continuous form

Difference of meaning in stative and active verbs

Other uses of present continuous

Other uses of present simple

Future time

Basic contrasts: will, going to, present continuous

Future continuous

Future perfect

Other ways of referring to the future

Other future references

Grammar 3 Past time

Basic contrasts: past simple and past continuous

Past perfect simple and continuous

Used to and would

Unfulfilled past events

Polite forms

Contrast with present perfect

Grammar 4 Present perfect

Present perfect simple

Present perfect continuous

Contrast of present perfect simple and present perfect continuous

Time expressions with present perfect

14 21
33
40
iii

Grammar 6 Passive 1

Basic uses

Using and not mentioning the agent

Grammar 7 Passive 2

Have and get something done, need doir,

Passive get

Reporting verbs

Verbs with prepositions

Common contexts for the passive

ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Grammar 8 Conditionals

Basic usage: truths, real situations, hypothetical situations (present and past) Variations: if only, unless, and other alternatives to if, past events with results in the present, should, were to, happen to, if it were not for, if it hadn't been for Other ways of making a conditional sentence: supposing, otherwise, but for, if so, if not, colloquial omission of if, if and adjectives, if meaning although

Grammar 9 Unreal time and subjunctives

It's time, it's high time

Wishes

I'd rather and I'd sooner, I'd prefer

As if, as though

Suppose and imagine

Formal sub jun cti ve s

Formulaic subjunctive

46
54

Grammar 11 Modals: present and future 65

Don't have to and must not: absence of obligation, obligation not to do something Should: expectation, recommendation, criticism of an action, uncertainty with verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance after in case to emphasise unlikelihood Could: possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives to express possibility or impossibility, suggestions, unwillingness

Can: criticism, capability

Must and can't: certainty, present time reference only May and might: although clauses, may/might as well, possibility or uncertainty with try Shall: certainty, what the speaker wants to happen

Will: assumption, intention, refuse and insist

Would: annoying habits, certainty

Need: need to not a modal, need partly a modal

Related non-modal expressions: had better, be bound to

Grammar 12 Modals: past 72

Had to and must have: past obligation, past certainty Should have and ought to have: expectation, criticism of an action, should have and verbs of thinking, with be and adjectives describing chance, polite expressions Could have: past possibility or uncertainty, with comparative adjectives, unwillingness Could: past permission or ability, compared with could have

May have and can't have: certainty, with surely

Would not: unwillingness

Would have: events in the past which did not happen, assumptions Needn't have and didn't need to: unnecessary actions done and not done Adverbs and modals: well, easily, obviously, really, just IV

CONTENTS

Grammar 13 Inversion

Inversion

Inversion after negative adverbials

Inversion after so/such with that

Inverted conditional sentences without if

Grammar 14 Emphasis

Changing word order to change focus

Adding words for emphasis

Other means

78
85

Grammar 16 Reported speech 97

Problems: reported speech with modals, with conditionals, don't think

Reporting verbs

Functions: verbs that describe a function, verbs that describe actions

Changes of viewpoint

Grammar 17 Articles 104

Definite article (the), indefinite article (a/an), zero article

Translation problems

Grammar 18 Relative and non-finite clauses 111

Defining and non-defining clauses

Which and that

Who, whom, and whose

When and where

Omitting the relative pronoun

Omitting which/who + be

Clauses beginning with what and whatever

Non-finite clauses containing an -ing form

Grammar 19 Verbs + infinitive or -ing 118

Verbs followed by either -ing or infinitive with to Verbs with an object, followed by either -ing or infinitive with to

Verbs normally followed by infinitive with to

Verbs normally followed by -ing

Verbs followed by infinitive without to

Verbs followed by an object and to

131
138

Grammar 21 Verbs + prepositions

Verbs followed by: in, for, of, with, from, on, against, about, out, at, to

Grammar 22 Prepositions

Following adjectives: of, about, with, at, on, to, by, for, in, from

Following nouns: on, to, over, with, for

Expressions beginning: in, with, at, on, beyond, by, for, out of, under, without, within, after

ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Grammar 23

Grammar 24

Grammar 25

Grammar 27

Grammar 28

Phrasal verbs 1

Add up to get up to

Phrasal verbs 2

Give away to put up with

Phrasal verbs 3

Rip off to work out

144
150
156

Grammar 30 Further Practice

182

Vocabulary ~T

Vocabulary 2

Vocabulary 3

Vocabulary 4

Vocabulary 5

Vocabulary 6

Vocabulary 7

Vocabulary 8

Vocabulary 9

Vocabulary 10

Vocabulary 11

Vocabulary 12

Vocabulary 13

Leisure activities

Travel and movement

News events

Places

Media and advertising

The natural world

Work

Business and money

People and relationships

Social problems

Entertainment

Government and society

Health and the body

188
192
196
200
204
208
211
215
219
223
227
231
235
VI

Linking words and phrases 167

Text organisers: adding a point, developing a point, contrast, explaining reasons, making generalisations, giving new information

Punctuation and spelling 172

Common errors

Problem words

Words with similar spelling but different meanings Punctuation: commas, apostrophes, colons and semi-colons

CONTENTS

Vocabulary 14

Vocabulary 15

Vocabulary 16

Vocabulary 17

Vocabulary 18

Vocabulary 19

Vocabulary 20

World issues

Thinking and feeling

Technology

Quality and quantity

Education

Word formation

Multiple meaning

239
243
247
250
254
258
262

1 Expressions with come, expressions with in, idioms based on hand,

wood and metal, prefix un-, verbs of movement

2 Expressions with get, colour idioms, expressions with

see, suffix -ful, common expressions, expressions with out

3 Expressions with on, expressions with one, expressions with break,

sounds, words with more than one meaning, words connected with memory

4 Formality, expressions with no, expressions with head, words

connected with people, expressions with make, compound words

5 Size, suffixes, headline language, expressions with once, body

movements, expressions with at

6 Expressions with set, places, words with more than one meaning,

speaking, expressions with within, adjective suffix -ing

7 Expressions with by, idioms with parts of the body, adjective-noun

collocations, expressions with have, verbs of seeing, expressions with do

8 Collocations of nouns linked with of, size, expressions with bring,

feelings, prefix well, expressions with from

9 Adverbs, expressions with think, expressions with give, modifiers,

words with more than one meaning, but

10 Expressions with put, expressions with run, prefix under-, names,

expressions with call, verbs with up 265
268
271
274
277
280
283
286
289
292
Index

Grammar answers

Vocabulary answers

Words and phrases answers

295
297
313
322
vii The revised edition of this book is designed with a greater emphasis on text and collocation, in keeping with recent trends in the world of English as a Foreign Language. It also incorporates the many changes to the revised proficiency examination from December 2002, such as word formation and multiple word meaning. The book is also intended for use at the level of CAE, and includes new exercises practising the formal/informal register transfer task. Most of the practice sections in the Grammar and Vocabulary sections reflect such changes, and where texts are retained from the first edition, they have been given more of an exam focus. However, the core of this highly successful book remains the same. The grammar section now includes some additional revision and more subtle advanced points. Units on phrasal verbs, prepositions and linking devices are also included. The grammatical information provided can be used for reference when needed, or worked through systematically. The vocabulary section includes topic-based vocabulary, collocations and idiomatic phrases. It also recycles work on prepositions, and phrasal verbs. The book can be used as a self-study reference grammar and practice book or as supplementary material in classes preparing for the CAE and Proficiency exams. If used for classwork, activities can be done individually or co-operatively in pairs or small groups. There are regular consolidation units which include forms of testing commonly used in both exams and the material covers a range of difficulty appropriate to both exams. vm

Explanations

Basic contrasts:

present simple and present continuous

State verbs and

event (action or dynamic) verbs

Present simple generally refers to:

Facts that are always true

Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius.

Habits

British people drink a lot of tea.

States

/ don't like gangster films. Present continuous (progressive) generally refers to actions which are in progress at the moment. These can be temporary:

I'm staying in a hotel until I find a fiat.

They can be actually in progress:

The dog is sleeping on our bed!

Or they can be generally in progress but not actually happening at the moment:

I'm learning to drive.

State verbs describe a continuing state, so do not usually have a continuous form. Typical examples are: believe, belong, consist, contain, doubt, fit, have, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, own, prefer, seem, suppose, suspect, understand, want, wish Some verbs have a stative meaning and a different active meaning. Typical examples are: be, depend, feel, have, measure, see, taste, think, weigh

Compare these uses:

Event

Jill's being noisy.

We're having an interesting conversation!

David's thinking about getting a new job.

I'm just tasting the soup.

I'm feeling terrible.

We're weighing the baby.

Bill, I'm depending on you to win this

contract for us. The differences here apply to all verb forms, not just to present verb forms. State

Jack is noisy.

Deirdre has a Porsche.

I think I like you!

This fish tastes awful!

I feel that you are wrong.

This bag weighs a ton!

It depends what you mean.

ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE

Other uses of

present continuous

Other uses of

present simple

Temporary situations

Are you enjoying your stay here?

Repeated actions

My car has broken down, so I am walking to work these days.

Complaints about annoying habits

You are always making snide remarks about my cooking! Other possible adverbs are: constantly, continually, forever

With verbs describing change and development

The weather is getting worse!

More and more people are giving up smoking.

Making declarations

Verbs describing opinions and feelings tend to be state verbs.

I hope you'll come to my party.

I bet you don't know the answer!

I hereby declare this hospital open!

Headlines

These are written in a 'telegram' style, and references to the past are usually simplified to present simple.

Ship sinks in midnight collision.

Instructions and itineraries

Instructions and recipes can be written in present simple instead of in imperative forms. This style is more personal.

First you roll out the pastry.

Itineraries are descriptions of travel arrangements.

On day three we visit Stratford-upon-Avon.

Summaries of events

Plots of stories, films etc, and summaries of historical events use present (and present perfect) verb forms.

May 1945: The war in Europe conies to an end.

...At the end of the play both families realise that their hatred caused the deaths of the lovers ... 'Historic present' in narrative and funny stories In informal speech, it is possible to use what we call the 'historic present' to describe past events, especially to make the narration seem more immediate and dramatic. ... So then the second man asks the first one why he has a banana in his ear and the first one says ...

GRAMMAR 1 PRESENT TIME

1 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

a) I haven't decided yet about whether to buy a new car or a second-hand one.

But / think about it/I'm thinking about it.

b) All right, you try to fix the television! But / hope/I'm hoping you know what you're doing. c) Every year / visit/I'm visiting Britain to improve my English. d) It's time we turned on the central heating. It gets/It's getting colder every day. e) Of course, you're Mary, aren't you! / recognise/I am recognising you now. f) The film of 'War and Peace' is very long. It lasts/It is lasting over four hours. g) I can see from what you say that your mornings are very busy! But what do you do/are you doing in the afternoons? h) I'm going to buy a new swimming costume. My old one doesn't fit/isn't fitting any more, i) That must be the end of the first part of the performance. What happens/is happening now? j) What's the matter? Why do you look/are you looking at me like that?

2 Underline the correct word or phrase in each sentence.

a) I work in this office all this year/all the time. b) Emerson is currently/for long top of the driver's league. c) I am not making much money these days/so far this year. d) The food tastes even worse now/presently. You've put too much salt in. e) Normally/previously we get in touch with customers by post.quotesdbs_dbs48.pdfusesText_48

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