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Darts. 1. About the Tutorial. Darts is a game of aiming in which individual skill of a person is challenged developed and displayed continuously.

Dart Programming Language Specification

6th edition draft

Version 2.13-dev

June 7, 2023

Contents

1 Scope 7

2 Conformance 7

3 Normative References 7

4 Terms and Definitions 7

5 Notation 7

6 Overview 11

6.1 Scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12

6.2 Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14

6.3 Concurrency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15

7 Errors and Warnings 15

8 Variables 16

8.1 Evaluation of Implicit Variable Getters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

9 Functions 19

9.1 Function Declarations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

9.2 Formal Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

9.2.1 Required Formals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24

9.2.2 Optional Formals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

9.2.3 Covariant Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25

9.3 Type of a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

27

9.4 External Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28
1

10 Classes 29

10.1 Fully Implementing an Interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

10.2 Instance Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

10.2.1 Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

10.2.2 The MethodnoSuchMethod. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

10.2.3 The Operator '==" and Primitive Equality . . . . . . . .

38

10.3 Getters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

10.4 Setters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

10.5 Abstract Instance Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

10.6 Instance Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

10.7 Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

10.7.1 Generative Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42

10.7.2 Factories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48

10.7.3 Constant Constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

10.8 Static Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

10.9 Superclasses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51

10.9.1 Inheritance and Overriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

52

10.10Superinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54

10.11Class Member Conflicts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55

11 Interfaces 56

11.1 Combined Member Signatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

58

11.2 Superinterfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

59

11.2.1 Inheritance and Overriding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

11.2.2 Correct Member Overrides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

12 Mixins 61

12.1 Mixin Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

62

12.2 Mixin Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

12.3 Mixin Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

64

13 Extensions 65

13.1 Explicit Invocation of an Instance Member of an Extension . . .

68

13.2 Implicit Invocation of an Instance Member of an Extension . . .

70

13.2.1 Accessibility of an Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

13.2.2 Applicability of an Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

71

13.2.3 Specificity of an Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72

13.3 Static analysis of Members of an Extension . . . . . . . . . . . .

73

13.4 Extension Method Closurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

74

13.5 ThecallMember of an Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76

14 Enums 77

2

15 Generics 78

15.1 Variance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

15.2 Super-Bounded Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

15.3 Instantiation to Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84

15.3.1 Auxiliary Concepts for Instantiation to Bound . . . . . .

85

15.3.2 The Instantiation to Bound Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . .

86

16 Metadata 89

17 Expressions 90

17.1 Expression Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91

17.2 Object Identity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

91

17.3 Constants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

92

17.3.1 Further Remarks on Constants and Potential Constants .

97

17.3.2 Constant Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

99

17.4 Null . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

99

17.5 Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100

17.6 Booleans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

101

17.7 Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

101

17.7.1 String Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

106

17.8 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

107

17.9 Collection Literals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

108

17.9.1 Type Promotion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

110

17.9.2 Collection Literal Element Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . .

110

17.9.3 List Literal Inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

114

17.9.4 Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

115

17.9.5 Set and Map Literal Disambiguation . . . . . . . . . . . .

116

17.9.6 Set and Map Literal Inference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

117

17.9.7 Sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

122

17.9.8 Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

124

17.10Throw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126

17.11Function Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

126

17.12This . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129

17.13Instance Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129

17.13.1New . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

130

17.13.2Const . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

131

17.14Spawning an Isolate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134

17.15Function Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

134

17.15.1Actual Argument Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

136

17.15.2Actual Argument List Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

137

17.15.3Binding Actuals to Formals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

138

17.15.4Unqualified Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

140

17.15.5Function Expression Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

142

17.16Function Closurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

143

17.17Generic Function Instantiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

144

17.18Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145
3

17.19Top level Getter Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146

17.20Member Invocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

147

17.21Method Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

149

17.21.1Ordinary Invocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

149

17.21.2Cascades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

153

17.21.3Superinvocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

154

17.21.4Sending Messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

155

17.22Property Extraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

155

17.22.1Getter Access and Method Extraction . . . . . . . . . . .

156

17.22.2Super Getter Access and Method Closurization . . . . . .

158

17.22.3Instance Method Closurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

158

17.22.4Super Closurization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

160

17.22.5Generic Method Instantiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

161

17.23Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

163

17.23.1Compound Assignment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

167

17.24Conditional . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

169

17.25If-null Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

170

17.26Logical Boolean Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

170

17.27Equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

171

17.28Relational Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

172

17.29Bitwise Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

172

17.30Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

173

17.31Additive Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

173

17.32Multiplicative Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

174

17.33Unary Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

175

17.34Await Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

176

17.35Postfix Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

177

17.36Assignable Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

179

17.37Lexical Lookup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

181

17.38Identifier Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

183

17.39Type Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

186

17.40Type Cast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

187

18 Statements 188

18.0.1 Statement Completion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

188

18.1 Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

189

18.2 Expression Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

189

18.3 Local Variable Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

189

18.4 Local Function Declaration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

191

18.5 If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

192

18.6 For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193

18.6.1 For Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

193

18.6.2 For-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

194

18.6.3 Asynchronous For-in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

194

18.7 While . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

196

18.8 Do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

196
4

18.9 Switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196

18.9.1 Switch case statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

200

18.10Rethrow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

200

18.11Try . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

201

18.11.1on-catchclauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202

18.12Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

203

18.13Labels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

204

18.14Break . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

205

18.15Continue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

205

18.16Yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

205

18.17Yield-Each . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

206

18.18Assert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

208

19 Libraries and Scripts 208

19.1 Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

210

19.1.1 The Imported Namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

211

19.1.2 Semantics of Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

213

19.2 Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

215

19.3 Namespace Combinators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

216

19.4 Conflict Merging of Namespaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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