[PDF] encyclopedia britannica thirty years war

Which side won the Thirty Years War and who lost?

The dispute climaxed after several battles in the final Battle of White Mountain, where the estates suffered a decisive defeat. With this, the Bohemian phase of the Thirty Years War ended in a victory for Catholicism and the Habsburgs of the Holy Roman Empire .

What made the Thirty Years War so brutal?

The Thirty Years’ War was a 17th-century religious conflict fought primarily in central Europe. It remains one of the longest and most brutal wars in human history, with more than 8 million casualties resulting from military battles as well as from the famine and disease caused by the conflict.

Why was the Thirty Years War bad for Germany?

While the Thirty Years War certainly ranks as one of the worst of these events, 19th century nationalists often increased or exaggerated its impact to illustrate the dangers of a divided Germany. Suggestions of up to 12 million deaths from a population of 18 million are no longer accepted, while claims of material losses are either not supported by contemporary evidence or in some cases exceed prewar tax records.

What are all the causes of the Thirty Years War?

Thirty Years’ War, (1618–48), in European history, a series of wars fought by various nations for various reasons, including religious, dynastic, territorial, and commercial rivalries. Its destructive campaigns and battles occurred over most of Europe, and, when it ended with the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648, the map of Europe had been irrevocably changed.