Issue Brief 10: From Replica to Real – An Introduction to Firearms
10 feb 2015 convert certain airsoft guns to fire real ... Usually trauma guns are easier to convert to fire bulleted ammunition than are blank-firing ...
FROM LEGAL TO LETHAL Report
capacity of a real firearm to only shoot blank ammunition weapons are now modified to fire 4–6 mm Flobert calibres (NCA
Issue Brief 10: From Replica to Real – An Introduction to Firearms
10 feb 2015 convert certain airsoft guns to fire real ... Usually trauma guns are easier to convert to fire bulleted ammunition than are blank-firing ...
From Replica to Real: An Introduction to Firearms Conversions
10 feb 2015 Usually trauma guns are easier to convert to fire bulleted ammunition than are blank-firing firearms. As trauma guns are designed to expel pro-.
Fighting Illicit Firearms Trafficking Routes and Actors at European
• What role does illicit conversion of blank-firing arms (gas pistols) play? Luckp 47 EuroGuns
FROM LEGAL TO LETHAL Report
capacity of a real firearm to only shoot blank ammunition weapons are now modified to fire 4–6 mm Flobert calibres (NCA
Hoofdtitel van document
firearms only to threaten victims or rivals. Yet blank-firing guns converted to fire live ammunition are also widely available on illicit gun markets in ...
Convertible Weapons in the Western Balkans
be converted to fire real ammunition in order to curtail the problem of transfer and modification of blank-firing weapons were converted to live fire ...
PRODUCT CATALOG
Including the REAL conversion barrel with SureStrike™ laser for the ultimate in dry-fire The SPIDER KIT converts your airsoft or blank-conversion blowback ...
From Replica to Real: An Introduction to Firearms Conversions
10.2.2015 difficult it is to obtain real weapons ... suggests
Issue Brief 10: From Replica to Real – An Introduction to Firearms
10.2.2015 difficult it is to obtain real weapons ... suggests
FROM LEGAL TO LETHAL Report
Real firearms modi- fied to be unable to fire a solid projectile. Blank ammunition. Potentially all models especially handguns
Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against
which acknowledged that the risk of acoustic weapons and other types of blank-firing weapons being converted into real firearms was high and underscored the
Guide on Firearms Licensing Law
28.12.2021 Specifications for blank firing imitation firearms ... ammunition to the actual bullet or missile itself not just the complete round of.
FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS THE ARMS RULES 2016 AND
(3) For grant of a licence for the permissible arms or ammunition specified in (3) Brandishing or discharge of firearms or blank-firing firearms in any.
Convertible Weapons in the Western Balkans
weapons are either blank-firing alarm pistols or guns which fire tear gas. be converted to fire real ammunition in order to curtail the problem of ...
Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention against
25.2.2022 In the European Union the conversion of blank-firing firearms is ... The real value of firearms depends on the availability of ammunition.
Chapter 6 Weapons Identification: Other Small Arms and Light
cally noise- and flash-producing replicas of real firearms. So-called 'traumatic' lethal or replica firearm can be converted to fire live ammunition.
THE ARMS RULES 19621
Arms other than fire-arms – Unless the Central or State. Government by notification in purpose of conversion or repair of such firearms or ammunition.
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Converted Firearms in Europe
Nicolas Florquin and Benjamin King
FROM LEGAL TO LETHALA publication of the Small Arms Survey with support from the French Ministry for Europe
and Foreign Affairs and the German Federal Foreign Office.2 Report April 2018Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 3
Published in Switzerland by the Small Arms Survey
© Small Arms Survey, Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies, Geneva, 2018First published in April 2018
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without prior permission in writing of the Small Arms Survey, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Coordinator, Small Arms Survey, at the address below.Small Arms Survey
Graduate Institute of International and Development StudiesMaison de la Paix, Chemin Eugène-Rigot 2E
1202 Geneva, Switzerland
Copy-editor: Alex Potter (alex.potter@mweb.co.za)
Fact-checker: Salome Lienert
Proofreader: Stephanie Huitson (readstephanie@ymail.com) Layout and design: Rick Jones (rick@studioexile.com) Infographics: Daly Design (studio@dalydesign.co.uk)Printed by Gonnet in France
ISBN 978-2-940548-50-7
Copyright
Cover photo: Unconverted Ekol Special 99 with a barrel occlusion still in place, at the Swedish National Forensics Centre. Source: Glenn Lawrence/Arquebus SolutionsFlorquin and King From Legal to Lethal 3
About the authors
Nicolas Florquin
is the research coordinator and a senior researcher at the Small Arms Survey. He coordinates projects on armed actors and illicit flows of arms and ammu nition in a variety of settings. He previously worked for Geneva Call, an organization specializing in engaging with non-state armed groups on humanitarian issues, and for the United Nations Group of Experts on Liberia. He holds a master's of public adminis tration from the Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey.Benjamin King
is a project manager and researcher at the Small Arms Survey. Since joining the Survey in 2010 his work has focused on the implementation and effective ness of small arms control programmes, particularly in the areas of firearms marking and stockpile management. He has conducted extensive research into converted firearms since 2014. He has a master's degree in international policy studies from the MiddleburyInstitute of International Studies at Monterey.
4 Report April 2018Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 5
Acknowledgements
A number of institutions and individuals were instrumental in making this report happen. We wish to thank in particular the team at the European Multidisciplinary Platform Against Criminal Threats (EMPACT) Firearms, especially EMPACT driver José Romero, and the forensic experts and investigators of the 11 countries who participated in our June 2017 expert workshop in Geneva. The European Network of Forensic Science Insti tutes Expert Working Group on Firearms and Gunshot Residues welcomed us at its 2016 and 2017 annual meetings, which proved to be an invaluable forum to present the project to the forensic community and solicit its members' inputs. The Permanent International Commission for the Proof of Small Arms; Bundeskriminalamt of Germany; Bundeskriminalamt of Austria; Institut national de police scientifique; Institut de recherche criminelle de la gendarmerie nationale; London Metropolitan Police Service; Service central des armes; Section centrale armes explosifs et matières sensibles; Southeast European Law Enforcement Cente; and Spanish Guardia Civil; and Spanish National Police are among the national and regional institutions that shared their val uable time to meet and discuss the firearms conversion issue with us. The list of individuals who deserve to be thanked is even longer, and we apologize for the unavoidable omissions. The following are among the colleagues and experts who shared information, provided comments on early drafts, or otherwise facilitated our work: Tomas Baum, Marie-Jacques Cantinelli, Jan de Ceuster, André Chabotier, Fayçal Chidiac, Alexandru Dena, André Desmarais, Nils Duquet, Jean-Luc Georges, Kevin Goris, Rob Hermsen, Jonas Larsson, Glenn Lawrence, Matt Lewis, Thomas Liebscher, Mark Mastaglio, Antoine Museau, Philippe Nobles, Reima Pensala, Camille Pintout, Marc Pirlot, Serge Rayne, Patrice Renaudot, Marie-Gaëlle Robles, Murray Smith, and Alice Walters. At the Survey, Paul Holtom, Sigrid Lipott, and Irene Pavesi provided substantive inputs and guidance to the project. Emilia Dungel deserves our appreciation for leading our com munications efforts and supporting our expert workshop in Geneva. We thank Carole Touraine for motivating us to make this project take off, as well as Stephanie Huitson, Rick Jones, Salome Lienert, Claire Mc Evoy, Alex Potter, Lee Hesford-Evans, and Paul Daly for their flawless contributions to the publication production process.Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 5
List of boxes, figures, images, and tables ........................................................................
........... 7List of abbreviations
............................................................... 8Executive summary
.................................................................. 9Key findings
.................................................................................. 10Introduction
..... 11Definitions
........ 15Firearms conversion 16
T ypes of readily convertible firearms 16 Non-l ethal-purpose imitation firearms 1 9 Firearms whose firing capabilities were downgraded 2 1The threat of firearms conversion ........................................................................
............................ 25History 26
The first decade of the 21
st century 26 T urkish-made alarm handguns 2 7 2013onwards 3 0 Scale 32
The legal market in convertible objects
32Seiz ures and forensic data 34
T ypes of illicit use 36
P etty crime 36
Seriou
s crime 37T errorism 38
Contents
6 Report April 2018Florquin and King From Legal to Lethal 7
The mechanics of conversion
....................................... 39Where does conversion take place? 40
Pr ofile of converters 4 1Organized crime
4 1Former employees of gun-manufacturing firms
42Fir earms 'collectors' 42
Self -trained individuals 4 5
Smuggling patterns
4 6Ant trafficking
4 6 Online trade and the use of parcel and postal services 47The response
49Regulatory measures 50
Enforcement
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