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Input Bias Current, Input Offset Current, Input Offset Voltage, and "Headroom"

Fig 6 represents the input stage of a conventional bipolar op amp. You can see that the inputs Vin+, Vin- need to provide base current Ib1, Ib2 for the transistors. This is the input bias current. If the gains of the transistors are not identical they will not take the same base current. The difference between them is theinput offset current. Suppo...

Lets Look at How These Characteristics Affect The Operation of A Real Circuit.

Suppose we build a unity gain inverting amplifier that will allow us to use an Arduino to measure a voltage between 0 and -5V. We knowa voltmeter should not load the circuit it is measuringso we want a high input impedance. First we will use a "741" - half of an LM747. It has an input bias current of 0.08uA We have resistors R1, R2 of 10M, which gi...

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How does an Arduino audio amplifier work?

This is a tutorial for a Arduino Audio Amplifier using an 8 Ohm speaker. Our audio input comes from the Arduino DAC. Audio files are stored as .wav on an SD which is read by the Arduino. The audio data needs to be stored in 8-bit integer values. Somewhere in the conversion process from mp3 to 8-bit wav the data is sometimes lost on conversion.

How to measure a signal voltage with an Arduino?

If you want to measure a signal voltage with an Arduino, you may face some of the issues described here; often a simple circuit using an operational amplifier can help. Lets look at these problem issues. The Arduino Uno has ADC inputs that can measure voltages in the range 0 to 5V.

How do Arduino sensors work?

The sensor gives an output near 2.5V (V1); A divider chain gives an adjustable voltage V2 so the offset can be "nulled out". Then the difference amplifier, consisting of the op amp, resistors r1 and r2 amplifies the voltage difference between points A and B, and passes it to the analog input of the arduino.

How easy is it to assemble an Arduino audio controller?

Photo 1: The Arduino audio controller is inexpensive and easy to assemble. Construction was point-to-point or single-sided PCBs. If you did not have a schematic for something, you could usually trace one out with a pencil and paper. Early computer technology was more complex for the DIY community. But, you could still build a computer from scratch.

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