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TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY

Prof. Pravin Chandra Trivedi (b. 3 March, 1953), Ph.D., Post-Doct. (U.S.A.), F.L.S. (London),

F.B.5.,

F.P.5.!., F.B.R.S., F.M.A., F.E.5., F.N.R.S., F.I.A.T., Professor, Department of Botany, has a brilliant academic career standing first in all examinations. Prof. Trivedi served as Head,

Department

of Botany and Co-ordinator, P.G. Course in Biotechnology (2003-06); Director,

College Development Council

(2001-04); Vice-Principal, Maharaja's College (2000-03) and is

Member

of Senate, Academic Council and Convenor of BOS Botany in the University of

Rajasthan.

He worked as Post-Doctoral Fellow at the Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, U.S.A. in 1983-84. Prof. Trivedi has 35 years of teaching and research experience in the University of Rajasthan, Jaipur. He has published more than 250 research papers and review articles in journals of repute. He has edited and written more than 110 books and guided

38 Ph.D. students. He has been the Principal Investigator of 20 major research

projects funded by national organisations.

He is an elected Fellow of nine reputed academic

bodies. Dr. Trivedi visited several major research laboratories and delivered invited talks in many international conferences. Prof. Trivedi is an elected Secretary of the Indian Botanical Society (2005-2010); Council Member of Indian Science Congress Association, Kolkata (2007-09) and a me.nber of the editorial and advisory boards of eight reputed journals. For his research contribution he was awarded

Scientist of the Year Award

(2001); M. J. Narsimhan Award (2004), Bioved Fellowship Award (2005), and Birbal Sahni Foundation Honour (2007). Rastriya Gaurav Samaan (2007); Distinction Award for Books (2009); Shiksha Vibhushan Samaan (2009). Dr. Sonali Pandey, Ph.D., F.B.5., Senior Lecturer in Botany/Biotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Applied Sciences, JECRC Foundation, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, has a brilliant academic career, standing first in all examinations securing second position in University merit in M.Sc.

Botany of University of Rajasthan.

Dr. Sonali is a dedicated teacher

& eminent scholar. She received her Ph.D. in 2001 on the topic "Host-parasite relationship and biocontrol of Heterodera cajani infecting Cowpea" under the supervision of Prof. P.c. Trivedi. She has eleven years of teaching experience at U.G. and P.G. Level. She has published many research papers in journals of repute. She is one of the author of book published by Vardhaman Kota Open University for undergraduate students. She is active member of many National Academic Societies and Fellow of Indian Botanical

Society. She

has participated in many National Seminars & Symposium. Her major research interest includes

Plant Nematology & Microbiology.

Dr. Seema Bhadauria, Senior Lecturer in Botany/Biotechnology is working at MGIAS, JECRC

Foundation since last five years. She

did her M.Sc. and Ph.D. from. University of Rajasthan,

Jaipur.

Her specialized field of research work is Medical Mycology and Biochemistry. She has been teaching undergraduate and post graduate students of life science since 2003. She has been a author of many research papers of international and national Journals of repute and also guided many M.Phil and post graduate students. She is a coauthor of books published by

Vardhaman Kota Open University.

TEXT BOOK OF MICROBIOLOGY

P.C. Trivedi

Sonali Pandey

Seema Bhadauria

. Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors

Jaipur 302 003 (Raj.) India

First Published in 2010 by

Prem C. Bakliwal for

Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors

807," Vyas Building, Chaura Rasta

Jaipur

302 003 (Raj.) India

Phone: 0141-2578159

e-mail: aavishkarbooks@hotmail.com

© Authors

ISBN

978-81-7910-306-7

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or copied for any purpose by any means, manual, mechanical or electronic, without prior and written permission of the copyright owners and the publishers.

Printed at

Sheetal Printers

Jaipur (Raj.) India

PREFACE

Micro-organisms are the oldest inhabitants of earth. They are masters in versality and adaptability to the changing environment. They will definitely prove to be most cost effective partners in our efforts for sustainable development. The microorganisms influence the man in several ways. The diversity of their activities varies from causing diseases in human and other animals and plants to the production of various useful products. Microbes have a very significant role in the era of biotechnology and hence microbiology has today come forth as one of the most demanding subject in the science stream of graduate and post graduate courses. The contents of the present book have been divided into 17 chapters covering basic studies of microorganisms excluding their application part. Book covers detailed information on history of microbiology, evolution of microorganisms, classification, Nomenclature and latest information of Bergey's manual. Chapter covers information about structure, metabolism reproduction, function and diseases caused by Bacteria, Viruses, Bacterial viruses, Plant viruses, Animal viruses, Archaea, Mycoplasma and Phytoplasma. General account of cyanobacteria including their nutrition and reproduction have been given. Book provides detailed information about Gram negative and Gram positive Bacteria and

Eukaryotes viz. Algae and fungi.

At end of book appendix and various types of questions have been given for the benefit of students. A concise account of microorganisms is given in the text book, so as to make the students aware of the nature and other important aspects of the microorganisms. Present book is a compilation of information on microbiology done in a manner so as to meet the need of students of microbiology of the Indian Universities. A large number of standard books on the subjects and research journals have been consulted.

Grateful thanks

are due to the authors, editors and publishers of these books and journals.

Although

we have tried our best to supply correct and latest information in this book, vi errors or omissions might have crept in. We shall welcome comments suggestions and constructive criticism for future guidance and improvements. We are specially indebted to Mr. Akshay Jain, Aavishkar Publishers, Distributors,

Jaipur for his keen interest

in bringing out the book in a nice form.

Jaipur P.e. Trivedi

Sonali Pandey

Seema Bhadauria

1. 2. 3. 4.

Preface

INTRODUCfION

CONTENTS

Major Fields of Pure Sciences; Major Fields of Applied Microbiology.

HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

Discovery Era-Antony Van Leeuvenhoek; Transition Period-F. Redi, Needham, Spallanzani; Historical development in the field of Microbiology; Golden Age of Microbiology-Louis Pasteur, Tyndall, L.J. Lister, Robert Koch, Hesse, Jenner, Metchnikoff, Roux, Paul Ehrlich, Domagk, Flemming; Era of Molecular Biology -Beadle & Tatum, Delbruck & Luria; Nobel Laureates in Microbiology.

EVOLUTION OF MICROORGANISM

Origin of Universe-Nebular Hypothesis; Planetesimal Hypothesis; Tidal

Hypothesis; Recent Hypothesis;

The Primitive Atmosphere of Earth;

Chemical

Origin of Life (Chemogeny); Biological Evolution of Biogeny;

Cognogeny.

CLASSIFICATION OF MICROORGANISM

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