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Principles of Compiler Design

Amey Karkare

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, IIT Kanpur karkare@iitk.ac.in

Acknowledgements

‡Most of the text in the slide is based

on classic text Compilers: Principles,

Techniques, and Tools by Aho,

Sethi, Ullman and Lam

‡Slides are modified version of those

created by Prof S K Aggarwal, IITK 2 3

Motivation

‡Language processing is an important component of programming 3

Motivation

‡Language processing is an important component of programming ‡A large number of systems software and application programs require structured input

²Operating Systems (command line processing)

²Databases (Query language processing)

²Type setting systems like Latex

3

Motivation

‡Language processing is an important component of programming ‡A large number of systems software and application programs require structured input

²Operating Systems (command line processing)

²Databases (Query language processing)

²Type setting systems like Latex

‡Software quality assurance and software testing 4 ‡Where ever input has a structure one can think of language processing

Motivation

4 ‡Where ever input has a structure one can think of language processing

‡Why study compilers?

²Compilers use the whole spectrum of language processing technology

Motivation

5

Expectations?

‡What will we learn in the course?

6

What do we expect to achieve

by the end of the course?

‡Knowledge to design, develop,

understand, modify/enhance, and maintain compilers for (even complex!) programming languages 6

What do we expect to achieve

by the end of the course?

‡Knowledge to design, develop,

understand, modify/enhance, and maintain compilers for (even complex!) programming languages

‡Confidence to use language processing

technology for software development 7

Organization of the course

‡Assignments 10%

‡Mid semester exam 20%

‡End semester exam 35%

‡Course Project 35%

±Group of 2/3/4 (to be decided)

‡Tentative

8

Bit of History

‡How are programming languages implemented? Two major strategies:

²Interpreters (old and much less studied)

²Compilers (very well understood with

mathematical foundations) 8

Bit of History

‡How are programming languages implemented? Two major strategies:

²Interpreters (old and much less studied)

²Compilers (very well understood with

mathematical foundations) ‡Some environments provide both interpreter and compiler. Lisp, scheme etc. provide

²Interpreter for development

²Compiler for deployment

8

Bit of History

‡How are programming languages implemented? Two major strategies:

²Interpreters (old and much less studied)

²Compilers (very well understood with

mathematical foundations) ‡Some environments provide both interpreter and compiler. Lisp, scheme etc. provide

²Interpreter for development

²Compiler for deployment

‡Java

²Java compiler: Java to interpretable bytecode

²Java JIT: bytecode to executable image

9

Some early machines and

implementations

‡IBM developed 704 in 1954. All programming was done in assembly language. Cost of software development far exceeded cost of hardware. Low productivity.

9

Some early machines and

implementations

‡IBM developed 704 in 1954. All programming was done in assembly language. Cost of software development far exceeded cost of hardware. Low productivity.

‡Speedcoding interpreter: programs ran about 10 times slower than hand written assembly code 9

Some early machines and

implementations

‡IBM developed 704 in 1954. All programming was done in assembly language. Cost of software development far exceeded cost of hardware. Low productivity.

‡Speedcoding interpreter: programs ran about 10 times slower than hand written assembly code

‡John Backus (in 1954): Proposed a program that translated high level expressions into native machine code. Skeptism all around. Most people thought it was impossible

9

Some early machines and

implementations

‡IBM developed 704 in 1954. All programming was done in assembly language. Cost of software development far exceeded cost of hardware. Low productivity.

‡Speedcoding interpreter: programs ran about 10 times slower than hand written assembly code

‡John Backus (in 1954): Proposed a program that translated high level expressions into native machine code. Skeptism all around. Most people thought it was impossible

‡Fortran I project (1954-1957): The first compiler was released 10

Fortran I

‡The first compiler had a huge impact on the programming languages and computer science. The whole new field of compiler design was started

10

Fortran I

‡The first compiler had a huge impact on the programming languages and computer science. The whole new field of compiler design was started

‡More than half the programmers were using Fortran by 1958 10

Fortran I

‡The first compiler had a huge impact on the programming languages and computer science. The whole new field of compiler design was started

‡More than half the programmers were using Fortran by 1958

‡The development time was cut down to half

10

Fortran I

‡The first compiler had a huge impact on the programming languages and computer science. The whole new field of compiler design was started

‡More than half the programmers were using Fortran by 1958

‡The development time was cut down to half

‡Led to enormous amount of theoretical work (lexical analysis, parsing, optimization, structured programming, code generation, error recovery etc.)

10

Fortran I

‡The first compiler had a huge impact on the programming languages and computer science. The whole new field of compiler design was started

‡More than half the programmers were using Fortran by 1958

‡The development time was cut down to half

‡Led to enormous amount of theoretical work (lexical analysis, parsing, optimization, structured programming, code generation, error recovery etc.)

‡Modern compilers preserve the basic structure of the Fortran I compiler !!! 11

The big picture

‡Compiler is part of program

development environment

‡The other typical components of this

environment are editor, assembler, linker, loader, debugger, profiler etc.

‡The compiler (and all other tools)

must support each other for easy program development 12

Editor

Programmer Source

Program

12

Editor Compiler

Programmer Source

Program

Assembly

code 12

Editor Compiler Assembler

Programmer Source

Program

Assembly

code

Machine

Code 12

Editor Compiler Assembler

Linker

Programmer Source

Program

Assembly

code

Machine

Code

Resolved

Machine

Code 12

Editor Compiler Assembler

Linker

Loader

Programmer Source

Program

Assembly

code

Machine

Code

Resolved

Machine

Code

Executable

Image

Execution on

the target machine 12

Editor Compiler Assembler

Linker

Loader

Programmer Source

Program

Assembly

code

Machine

Code

Resolved

Machine

Code

Executable

Image

Execution on

the target machine

Normally end

up with error 12

Editor Compiler Assembler

Linker

Loader Debugger

Programmer Source

Program

Assembly

code

Machine

Code

Resolved

Machine

Code

Executable

Image

Debugging

results

Execution on

the target machine

Normally end

up with error

Execute under

Control of

debugger 12

Editor Compiler Assembler

Linker

Loader Debugger

Programmer Source

Program

Assembly

code

Machine

Code

Resolved

Machine

Code

Executable

Image

Debugging

results

Programmer

does manual correction of the code

Execution on

the target machine

Normally end

up with error

Execute under

Control of

debuggerquotesdbs_dbs12.pdfusesText_18

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