[PDF] MANUAL OF THE ARAMAIC LANGUAGE.

View - Download MANUAL OF THE ARAMAIC LANGUAGE.

Previous PDF

Next PDF

MANUAL OF THE ARAMAIC LANGUAGE.

MANUAL

OF

THE ARAMAIC LANGUAGE

OF

THE PALESTINIAN TALMUD

GRAMMAR

VOCALIZED TEXT, TRANSLATION AND VOCABULARY

BY

THE LATE J. T. MARSHALL, M.A., D.D.,

PRINCIPAL OF THE BAPTIST COLLEGE, MANCHESTER.

EDITED FROM THE AUTHOR'S MANUSCRIPT

BY

THE REVEREND J. BARTON TURNER

FORMERLY, STUDENT OF SEMITIC LANGUAGES IN THE UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER; LATE EXAMINER IN HEBREW AND GREEK TO THE BAPTIST COLLEGE, MANCHESTER.

WITH INTRODUCTION

BY

DR. A. MINOANA

E. J BRILL LTD. LEYDEN

1929.

INTRODUCTION.

The following pages contain the late Dr. MARSHALL'S work on the Aramaic Language. I had the privilege of perusing the work in MS. and recommended its publication as a useful reading book for students. Being a posthumous production it has entailed a great amount of labour on the part of the Editor. As it now appears the book compares favourably with other publications of a similar character, and for students with an elementary knowledge of Hebrew it. should prove extremely helpful. Much has lately been advanced on the subject of the pronun ciation of Palestinian Aramaic and the correct system of vowels to be used to express it.

In my opinion, nothing decisive has so

far been written on this matter, and I venture to add that I believe it to be unscientific to elaborate and standardize systems of vocali zation, interlinear or otherwise, based on MSS. which are separated by centuries from the people who spoke the original language. In doubtful cases of this kind I am more inclined to follow the system used in Eastern Aramaic, for which we have MSS. as early as the fifth century A. D., than any system of Western Aramaic for which our manuscript authority is of a much later date. In the present work, with good reason on the Editor's part, the Author's vocalization has not been disturbed. It is my earnest hope that the late Dr. MARSHALL'S book may stimulate interest in a beautiful language which deserves to be more widely studied.

John Rylands Library

Manchester

A. MINGANA.

EDITOR'S PREFACE.

In preparing the present work, the Author had in view the presentation of a Reading Book in the Galilean Aramaic of the

Palestinian

Talµnid, as affording to English students specimens of the dialect lnost closely akin to that spoken by Jesus and His first disciples. The 'l{Ocalifed text was prepared in order to make the work available to students who had but an elementary acquaintance with the Hebrew and Aramaic of the Old Testament. The superlinear vocalization, written sublinear, was adopted as a guide, but has not been followed slavishly; a measure of in dependent treatment is preserved. The Krotoshin Edition (1866) of the Palestinian Talmud was the one used by the Author, but regard has been paid to alter native readings. The translation of the Aramaic Fragments into English was meant to assist private students in the interpretation of the text, but a wider circle of English readers may welcome these stories of Jewish religious life in a long past age. The Grammar contains only what the Author deemed necessary for the elucidation of the text.

An index of the subjects of the

text and translation provides the student with an easy means of reference. The work was already in the Press before I accepted the responsibility of editing it, and necessary revision and correction have had to be done at one and the same time on the proof sheets at a considerable distance from the Printer; consequently, slight departures from consistency in literary form, and a few typographical errors have been unavoidable. A list of Additions and Corrections precedes the Grammar. vm I have added to the work the pages 24-30, dealing with

Numerals, Particles, and

The Tone.

The order and description of the Particles are approximately as they appear in the Grammar of C. SCHAAF (1686), and in that of G. DALMAN (2nd. ed., 1905). The MS. of the Author lacked a

Table of Contents, and this

I have supplied.

I have revised many of the valuable reference numbers in the Vocabulary, but cannot vouch for the accuracy of all. The figures enclosed in brackets in line with the section number of the Aramaic text indicate chapter, paragraph, page and column, respectively, of the treatises of the Pal. Talmud.

These all have

been revised.

From sections

117-140 of the text, I have removed the vowels,

in order that they may be supplied by the student. A short list of books of reference has been added and follows the Contents. I tender my hearty thanks to Dr. A. MINGANA, who has coun selled me most generously in the execution of my task. Miss MARSHALL, the Author's daughter, has given valuable assi stance in reading the proofs of the Translation, and

I much

appreciate her co-operation. The Publishers and Printers of this work, E. ]. BRILL Ltd., Leyden, and their staff, have earned my deepest gratitude for their fine response to the call on their patience and craftsmanship.

BARTON TURNER.

Cloughfold, Manchester.

CONTENTS

GRAMMAR .....

INTRODUCTION.

r. PRONOUNS . \ . . I •

1. Personal Pronouns.

2. Demonstrative ,,

3. Reflexive \

4. Relative"

5. Possessive

6. Interrogative

7. Indefinite

IL NOUNS.

Gender .

Number .

Form

Declensions

Suffixes to Nouns

III. VERBS

Preliminary Notes

The Perfect . .

,, Imperfect . • Infinitive . ,, Participle .

The Strong Verb: Examples of Moods and Tenses.

Guttural Verbs

Pe Nun

,, Aleph ,, ,, Yodh ,,

Ayin Waw ,,

Double Ayin ,,

Lamedh Aleph, Yodh or He

Suffixes to Strong Verb.

,, Lamedh Yodh Verb. Page 1-30 2-4 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5-10 5 5 6 6--8 9-10 10-23 10-11 11-12

12, 14-15

15 15 12-14 16 16 17 17 17-19 19-20 20-21 21-23
23

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 7, Line 4 from bottom, read det. for abs.

12, Line 7, first word, read ii He.

15, last line, read :l for :,.

20, Line (,from bottom, read 3 for 5.

26, Line 1, read V. Particles. -Ordinary Adverbs.

27, Line 4 after

Indeed read? Same Line, insert

1

0 Indeed.

27, under Prepositions, read Oll for t,l,).

34, Line 1, read 5 (II. 4a).

37, Line 2 from bottom, read in margin,

text ,piii:i.

41, Line 4, begin with ,N.,~)?J j~'J.

,, 42, Line 12, read ,~;(b for i1\1ii)O text. ,, 43, Line 1, before :n read iON. ,, 44 bottom, after b) and c) read text. ,, 45, Line 8, after read ii 1' iON. ,, 49 bottom, after b) insert I. ,, 57, Line 8 from bottom, read piON. ,, 66, Line 15, read ri::i::i:1S::i. ,, 68, read 85 ([V. 9: 55b, c). ,, 72, Line 5 from bottom, read iin~ii. ,, 74, Line 5 from bottom, read i':lll'Ji. ,, 78, read 98, 98a. ,, 79, Line_ 8, read ri::iy. ,, 79, bottom, read 99a (III. 1 : 58d). ,, 80, Line 2, read Nni'. ,, 80, Line 4, read jW)?o/}; Line 13, read 100a for 100; Line 3 from bottom read

101 (L 9 : 60d).

,, 84, Line 3 in 105 read 0':JJ; Line 5 from bottom, read p::ii~. ,, 87, Line 4, read ru,,;,,; last line, read XI. for IX. ,, 90, Line 8 from bottom, third word, read ii for n. ,, 105, transfer (Hebrew phrase), to follow first word in Line I. ,, 134, Line 5 in § 53, read lentils. ,, 153, Line 3 from bottom, read comma for ?. ,, 154, Line 9, read comma for ?. ,, 155, Line 2 from bottom, read father-in-law for uncle. ,, 163, under 97, read Unclean Food, for Thought & Disease. ,, 172, under 106b, read A Long Sleep. ,, 203, Line 8 from bottom, read homiletical. ,, 210, Line 15 from bottom, read ransom. ,, 212, Line 12 from bottom, read Galilean. ,, 213, Line 15 from bottom, read judicial, ,, 217, Line 14 from bottom, read reciter.

GRAMMAR.

There are four dialects of Aramaic, more or less clearly disting uishable from one another.

1. The Judean Aram_aic, which appears (1) in an older form

in Biblical Aramaic, in the papyri of Elephantine, and in the

Fast Rolls-containing a

11st of the days on which one may

rot fast or mourn, and clearly implying a date prior to the destruction of

Jeru~alem; and (2) in the Targum of Onkelos.

2. Syrian

Aramai_s::, found in the Peshitta and in Christian Syriac literature.

The dialect which thus became classic Syriac was

originally distinctive of Edessa.

3. Galilean Aramaic, which occurs in the Aramaic words which

are transliterated in the New Testament, but chiefly in the anecdotes which are narrated concerning Jewish Rabbis in the

Palestinian Talmud.

The Targum of the Prophets, by Jonathan

ben Uzziel and the so-called Jerusalem Targums of the Pen tateuch (of which there are four varieties, two complete and two fragmentary) resemble Onkelos in the Grammar, but in their vocabulary they resemble the Palestinian Talmud. Two · other dialects still more remotely related to Pal. Talm. are the Samaritan Targum of the Pentateuch, and the Christian

Palestinian.

Of the latter, almost the whole of the Gospels are extant, in one or other of three recensions, and recently frag ments of the Old Testament and of the Epistles have been discovered unmistakeably of the same dialect. 4.

The Babylonian.

I. PRONOUNS.

1. PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

1. Plur. i~~, rarer j~ 1. Sing. N)N or N)

T-: T

2. Sing. r.,~, rarer I-'\)N 2. Plur. jU1tt

3. Sing. m. Nm 3. Plur. m. p)'~

3. Plur.f. j'?~, p)':, p3~

The initial consonant is often omitted after , and , : thus ~•rn

3. Sing. f. N';:'l, 'ii or 'N

T: for N)Ni and ,, for Nini, and I-1'1 for I-'\N'1.

T-:-: : - : - :

Substitutes for Personal Pronoun. 1. For "me", in humble speech, we have "this man".

2. For "thou", in oaths and curses,

we have "that man" (§ 12). 3. For "thou'', in reverence, we have "my lord" '"'llJ; "my teacher" ''.:l"'l. 4. When a man speaks poli- • T • - tely of his wife, he says "she of my house" Nr,,::ii N'1. 5. When

T •• : T

a man wishes to say something unfavourable of another, he af firms or wishes it of that man's "enemies".

The Accusative Pronoun is sometimes affixed

to the Verb as in Hebrew. Hebrew uses r,~ to mark the Accusative, and the

Targum

of Onkelos imitates this by r,,; but in Oat. Aram. this is T scarcely ever used; though it does use this form as a detached

Acc. pronoun with Suffixes, as 'Z:,N in Hebrew:

,r,, me Nm' (o) us • T T -T

7r,, thee m.

•,_:jr,, you TT I = - l'lJ~ thee/. __ ,,- ;,,r,, him pnz;,~, •,r,, them. ••T I T ;,r,, her -T 3

2. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

this m.

Nn j''J

i'Jr1 ii1i1 TT this f.

N':'f Nii1

.-,T T i'~'~ these c. i'~'~ f'_?iJ that m. N~ili1 1i:

T!'~, Tii;

i1'T)" •• T that f.

N'i1il

1~ i1Z1' -T those

P:3'i'.T, P:3't:t.

The initial letters N and i1 disappear after the Prefixes :i , , ~ In Pat. Talm. i',, NJi, 7n, 7,,N are used only substantively. The others are used both substantively and adjectivally. "One another" is expressed in >Sing. by f'-:!7 f':!, in Plural by i'~'~7 f'~'~. Also in Plural ~Y .'l_?~~ ... pnj7~; especially in

Chr. Pal. as

Mt. 24

10 , Ro. 12

5•

19;J 1'~7! i1'!.J'i.:'l . i1!.J'i.'l

3. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

thyself m. thyself f. himself herself •!.J'i.:'l ourselves I -:- j1~'~;J yourselves j1i1'~1J themselves. or •1!.J'i.:'l I =- More rarely we find iVtlJ (as in Heb.) with Suffixes as above.

4. RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

The most ancient form is which occurs in Ezra and Dan.

In Pal. Tat. we find , = "who" or "which".

As .,~~ and 'o/ are used, so is used with Preposition and

Suffix: "who

in him" i1':l':'f = "in whom"; so "who in them" f1i1t!· 4 Where Heb. uses Article with Participle S~pi'J = he who kills, Aram. uses '1: thus "ll'JN'1 = he who says; or, dropping the N, -,r.:,-,. ; •• T : •• T The Neuter, "that which" is also expressed by with Participle.

Another peculiar but very frequent usage of

is as a Para phrase for the Genitive. Aramaic has a Construct state which occurs very often in the Targums. In free composition ':'J is far more frequent: thus "the servants of the King" may be t-t:iS~ ,,::i.v,

T • -•• • -

or N:iSo, N'1::Jlt, or N:iSo, ,1,::i.v = "his servants of the King".

T!-: T-!-T:-: :-

"He who" is expressed by p'J;::t : i':1~ : ; Nii1il iN9 "She who" ,,

1 N,il : 1 N'i1il

"Those who"

7 i'~~ : 7 i'?~~

"That which" ;,o:,quotesdbs_dbs14.pdfusesText_20

[PDF] architecture et patrimoine base

[PDF] archives d'état civil de paris 14

[PDF] archives de paris état civil

[PDF] archives numérisées paris avant 1860

[PDF] archives paris etat civil tables decennales

[PDF] are any hp ink cartridges interchangeable

[PDF] are dogs allowed on lands end trail

[PDF] are hp 302 and 304 interchangeable

[PDF] are podcasts popular in india

[PDF] argentina crisis 2001 causes

[PDF] argentina economic crisis 2001

[PDF] arhaus furniture houston tx

[PDF] arhaus furniture natick ma

[PDF] arhaus furniture outlet cleveland

[PDF] arhaus furniture replacement parts