[PDF] The level of Old Norse influence on the development of Middle English





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The influence of Old Norse on English

According to Dennis Freeborn “Old Norse is the name now given to the group of Scandinavian languages and dialects spoken by the Norsemen-Danish and Norwegian 



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Abstract: What have common English words such as husbands outlaws and kids and the sentence they are weak to do with Old Norse? Yet



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fia uundra. Inasmuch as the ellipsis of the relative does occur in Old English those who believe in Danish influence on 



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In this article I argue that it was the influence of Old Norse that was the reason why English changed its constituent order from SOV to SVO during the 



[PDF] The level of Old Norse influence on the development of Middle English

The period around the development of Middle English was marked by heavy foreign interaction Old Norse is one of the languages that were in contact with Old 



[PDF] husbands outlaws and kids: the influence of old norse on the

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Old Norse Influence in Modern Englishpdf - Skemman

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Old Norse Influence in Modern English: The Effect of the Viking

Semantic Scholar extracted view of "Old Norse Influence in Modern English: The Effect of the Viking Invasion" by Sandra Dögg Friðriksdóttir

Are the Old English and Old Norse languages intertwined?

    To say that the Old English and Old Norse languages have an interesting history with one another is a declaration of utter understatement. So intertwined were these languages and their people that we, some 1,000 years later, are still attempting to discern the extent of their relationship.

What language did the Vikings speak?

    The Vikings spoke a language called ‘Old Norse’, which today is an extinct language. Old Norse and Old English were in many ways similar since they belonged to the same language family, Germanic. Therefore, the Old Norse constituents integrated with ease into Old English.

Did Englishmen and Norsemen ever talk to each other?

    put much value on the ability of an Englishman and Norseman living before 1000 AD to communicate with one another. At that time, there existed a very different way of classifying several of the Germanic languages, one that held Old English and Old Norse

What is the difference between Old English and Norse Sea Germanic?

    The difference between these two languages becomes a factor of which pronouns the Norse Sea Germanic languages used in lieu of reflexive pronouns, a question that has two answers. Old English, for example, had two ways to indicate the
University of Agder and is therefore approved as a part of this education. However, this does not imply that the University answers for the methods that are used or the conclusions that are drawn.

University of Agder, 2014

Faculty of Humanities and Education

Department of Foreign Languages and Translation

The level of Old Norse influence

on the development of Middle English

Hanna Dorthea Hellem

Supervisor

Dagmar Haumann

2

Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 1

2. Anglo-Norse language contact ............................................................................................... 2

2.1. Social factors ................................................................................................................... 2

2.1.1. The people and the languages .................................................................................. 3

2.1.2. Historical setting ...................................................................................................... 5

2.2. Linguistic factors ............................................................................................................. 7

2.2.1. Language contact ...................................................................................................... 7

2.2.2. Contact-induced language change ............................................................................ 8

2.2.3. Borrowability, influence and attitude ..................................................................... 10

2.2.4. Genetic relationship ................................................................................................ 15

2.2.5. Mutual intelligibility .............................................................................................. 18

2.2.6. Bilingualism ........................................................................................................... 22

3. From Old English to Middle English ................................................................................... 23

3.1. Contrast and compare: Old English and Old Norse ...................................................... 24

3.1.1. Old English ............................................................................................................. 24

3.1.2. Old Norse ............................................................................................................... 26

3.1.3. Old English grammar and syntax ........................................................................... 26

3.1.4. Old Norse grammar and syntax .............................................................................. 30

3.2. Middle English .............................................................................................................. 34

3.2.1. Middle English grammar and syntax ..................................................................... 36

3.3. Some aspects of the development ................................................................................. 38

3.3.1. Simplification ......................................................................................................... 39

3.3.2. Other contacts ......................................................................................................... 41

4. Old Norse influence on the development of Middle English ............................................... 43

4.1. The traditional view ...................................................................................................... 44

4.1.1. The role of Old Norse ............................................................................................. 45

3

4.1.2. Critics of the traditional view ................................................................................. 46

4.2. The creole theory ........................................................................................................... 47

4.2.1. The role of Old Norse ............................................................................................. 49

4.2.2. Critics of the creole theory ..................................................................................... 51

4.3. The hypothesis of Anglicized Norse ............................................................................. 53

4.3.1. The role of Old Norse ............................................................................................. 55

4.3.2. Critics of the hypothesis of Anglicized Norse........................................................ 61

5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................ 65

Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 68

1

1. Introduction

The part of the English language history that has been given most attention and still remains the greatest mystery is the development of Middle English. This is the form of the English language we find in records written in from the middle of the twelfth to the beginning of the sixteenth century. Poussa (1982, p. 69) calls it SKLORORJ\quotesdbs_dbs17.pdfusesText_23
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