Locard established his tripartite rule: .
1) If more than 12 concurring minutiae are present and the fingerprint is very clear, then the certainty of iden- tity is beyond debate..
Minutiae points are the major features of a fingerprint image and are used in the matching of fingerprints.
These minutiae points are used to determine the uniqueness of a fingerprint image..
There are three basic fingerprint patterns: the arch, the loop, and the whorl.
These patterns are defined by structures known as cores and deltas.
The core of the print is the central area.
A delta is a triangle-shaped area of a fingerprint where the ridge formation changes direction..
Fingerprint- an inked impression of the curves found by the system of ridges on the skin surface of the distal area of a finger.
Latent Print- An impression of the finger or palm left on an object when the object has been touched..
Fingerprint analysis generally involves comparing fingerprints found at a crime scene — called latent fingerprints — with fingerprints from a known individual and assessing how similar they are..
There is a difference between the two terms.
A “fingerprint” is used to describe a fingerprint in which the source of it is known.
For example, if you were arrested by the police, they would take your fingerprints. “Fingermarks” are used to describe the ridge pattern found on surfaces where the source is unknown..
On the fingers, the first two-thirds of the skin is seen to carry transverse ridges.
The skin over the terminal phalange, however, displays complex patterns that have been used for over two centuries to establish an individual's identity..
Biometric identification consists of determining the identity of a person.
The aim is to capture an item of biometric data from this person.
It can be a photo of their face, a record of their voice, or an image of their fingerprint..
When was AFIS created? The very first AFIS was created in 1974 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
It only contained the so-called minutiae, or the most important points of a fingerprint because it would be too expensive to store whole images..
Rolled impressions are the ten individually-taken fingerprint images rolled from nail to nail.
The plain impressions are used to verify the sequence and accuracy of the rolled impressions..
