A biophysical profile (BPP) is a non-invasive assessment of fetal well-being after 40 weeks. It measures five components, and it consists of two parts, including a cardiotocography (CTG), more commonly known as a nonstress test, and an ultrasound..
What is biomolecular sensing?
Bio-molecular Sensing is an area of research where technologies are being developed for measuring biomolecular markers in bodily fluids and tissues. The so-called biomarkers are biochemical substances that are strong indicators for health and disease..
Why do we need biosensing?
One of the main applications of biosensors is the detection of biomolecules that are either indicators of a disease or targets of a drug. For example, electrochemical biosensing techniques can be used as clinical tools to detect protein cancer biomarkers [14–16]..
Biosensing is a detection of target molecules based on the principles used by a living system such as an immune system. When we try to perform the biosensing, the important parameters are the detection specificity and sensitivity. Labeling the target molecules is a common and requisite method to ensure the specificity.
Sensing technologies involving the transmission of electric signals are currently limited in commercial utility by the durability and stability of existing technologies.
The four main vegetation biophysical variables, which are LAI, fraction covered by vegetation, the fraction of photosynthetically active radiation absorbed by vegetation, and chlorophyll content, are accessible from the measured reflectance.
The sensitive biological element, e.g. tissue, microorganisms, organelles, cell receptors, enzymes, antibodies, nucleic acids, etc., is a biologically derived material or biomimetic component that interacts with, binds with, or recognizes the analyte under study.
In this Theme, Biophysical Sensors, we will focus on flexible and mechanical stretchable sensors that can be worn directly on the body or integrated into
Irregularities in breathing patterns can be detected using breath monitor sensors, and this help clinicians to predict health disorders ranging from sleep
Can wearable biosensors be used for health monitoring?
A survey on wearable biosensor systems for health monitoring Molecularly selective nanoporous membrane-based wearable organic electrochemical device for noninvasive cortisol sensing M. Parrilla, T. Guinovart, J. Ferre, P. Blondeau, F.J. Andrade A wearable paper-based sweat sensor for human perspiration monitoring Adv. Healthc.
How do skin-interfaced wearable biochemical systems influence human performance and physiology?
Skin-interfaced wearable biochemical systems provide insights on molecular-level changes in human performance and physiology. A comprehensive understanding of human physiology necessitates longitudinal monitoring of biochemical data in addition to biophysical and environmental information ( Misra et al., 2019 ).
What are the components of a biochemical sensor system?
The system consists of external sensors, a central processing unit, analog-to-digital converter (ADC), a wireless interface, battery, and energy management unit. The processing module acquires, processes, and transmits the signals from external biochemical and biophysical sensors.
What is wearable biochemical sensing from sweat?
Summary and future outlook Wearable biochemical sensing from sweat, combined with biophysical sensing, and advanced analytics, offers new alternatives for noninvasive and real-time health monitoring, and it holds significant potential for identifying new longitudinal biomarkers.
Biophysical sensing
Class of transport proteins
Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are neuronal voltage-insensitive sodium channels activated by extracellular protons permeable to Na+. ASIC1 also shows low Ca2+ permeability. ASIC proteins are a subfamily of the ENaC/Deg superfamily of ion channels. These genes have splice variants that encode for several isoforms that are marked by a suffix. In mammals, acid-sensing ion channels (ASIC) are encoded by five genes that produce ASIC protein subunits: ASIC1, ASIC2, ASIC3, ASIC4, and ASIC5. Three of these protein subunits assemble to form the ASIC, which can combine into both homotrimeric and heterotrimeric channels typically found in both the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system. However, the most common ASICs are ASIC1a and ASIC1a/2a and ASIC3. ASIC2b is non-functional on its own but modulates channel activity when participating in heteromultimers and ASIC4 has no known function. On a broad scale, ASICs are potential drug targets due to their involvement in pathological states such as retinal damage, seizures, and ischemic brain injury.
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a Class C G-protein
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a Class C G-protein coupled receptor which senses extracellular levels of calcium ions. It is primarily expressed in the parathyroid gland, the renal tubules of the kidney and the brain. In the parathyroid gland, it controls calcium homeostasis by regulating the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH). In the kidney it has an inhibitory effect on the reabsorption of calcium, potassium, sodium, and water depending on which segment of the tubule is being activated.
Remote sensing in geology is remote sensing used in the
Data acquisition method for earth sciences
Remote sensing in geology is remote sensing used in the geological sciences as a data acquisition method complementary to field observation, because it allows mapping of geological characteristics of regions without physical contact with the areas being explored. About one-fourth of the Earth's total surface area is exposed land where information is ready to be extracted from detailed earth observation via remote sensing. Remote sensing is conducted via detection of electromagnetic radiation by sensors. The radiation can be naturally sourced, or produced by machines and reflected off of the Earth surface. The electromagnetic radiation acts as an information carrier for two main variables. First, the intensities of reflectance at different wavelengths are detected, and plotted on a spectral reflectance curve. This spectral fingerprint is governed by the physio-chemical properties of the surface of the target object and therefore helps mineral identification and hence geological mapping, for example by hyperspectral imaging. Second, the two-way travel time of radiation from and back to the sensor can calculate the distance in active remote sensing systems, for example, Interferometric synthetic-aperture radar. This helps geomorphological studies of ground motion, and thus can illuminate deformations associated with landslides, earthquakes, etc.
