Complexity theory system

How the complexity is introduced in the system?
This may lead to emergent behavior, i.e. overall complicated system behavior that transpires out of simple lower system level behaviors and rules.
In socio-technical systems, complexity is introduced predominantly in the social subsystem but it also may be found in the engineering aspects..
Under complexity theory, complex systems are viewed as open systems that interact with their environments, implying a need to understand the systems' environments before understanding the systems.
From: Safety Science, 2018.

Complexity Theory allows us to better understand systems as diverse as cells, human beings, forest ecosystems, and organizations, that are only partially understood by traditional scientific methods (Zimmerman et al. 2001).

In computational complexity theory, an interactive proof system is an abstract machine that models computation as the exchange of messages between two parties: a prover and a verifier.
The parties interact by exchanging messages in order to ascertain whether a given string belongs to a language or not.
The prover possesses unlimited computational resources but cannot be trusted, while the verifier has bounded computation power but is assumed to be always honest.
Messages are sent between the verifier and prover until the verifier has an answer to the problem and has convinced itself that it is correct.

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Complexity theory system

How the complexity is introduced in the system?