Complexity theories of cities

Systems theory books
Most urban theories are derived ones some of which are:
1. Suburbanization
2. The dependency theory
3. Theory of spatial disparities
4. Migration theories
5. Lewis two sector model
6. Concentric zone theory
7. Bid rent theory
8. Modern theory of urbanization
Why are cities complex systems?
From the perspective of complex system theory, it can be said that cities are complex systems due to the intersection of subsystems like transportation, ecology, humans, infrastructure, and social systems (Alberti, 2008;Batty & Marshall, 2012)..
Cities are classified as complex self-organizing systems since they consist of numerous individuals with complex behaviour interacting with each other and the environment on the micro-level and influencing the patterns that emerge in the city's macro-level [10] .
Complexity science offers a new perspective to the understanding of urban issues and dynamics in the city.
While theories and applications of complexity science are still being developed, established research guides us to observe cities at three levels.
At the macro level, a city can be treated as a holistic system.
The complexity of cities makes an interdisciplinary approach to the planning and designing of cities and their dynamics increasingly imperative, as argued by Batty and Marshall (2012) , who evince that the idea of a bottom-up approach became important at the same time as the notion that "many different systems being

Systems theory books