Computed tomography angiography cost

Cerebral angiography is a form of angiography which provides images of blood vessels in and around the brain, thereby allowing detection of abnormalities such as arteriovenous malformations and aneurysms.
It was pioneered in 1927 by the Portuguese neurologist Egas Moniz at the University of Lisbon, who also helped develop thorotrast for use in the procedure.

Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is a fluoroscopy technique used in interventional radiology to clearly visualize blood vessels in a bony or dense soft tissue environment.
Images are produced using contrast medium by subtracting a pre-contrast image or mask from subsequent images, once the contrast medium has been introduced into a structure.
Hence the term digital subtraction angiography.
Subtraction angiography was first described in 1935 and in English sources in 1962 as a manual technique.
Digital technology made DSA practical starting in the 1970s.

Multi-spectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT), also known as functional photoacoustic tomography (fPAT), is an imaging technology that generates high-resolution optical images in scattering media, including biological tissues.
MSOT illuminates tissue with light of transient energy, typically light pulses lasting 1-100 nanoseconds.
The tissue absorbs the light pulses, and as a result undergoes thermo-elastic expansion, a phenomenon known as the optoacoustic or photoacoustic effect.
This expansion gives rise to ultrasound waves (photoechoes) that are detected and formed into an image.
Image formation can be done by means of hardware or computed tomography.
Unlike other types of optoacoustic imaging, MSOT involves illuminating the sample with multiple wavelengths, allowing it to detect ultrasound waves emitted by different photoabsorbing molecules in the tissue, whether endogenous or exogenous.
Computational techniques such as spectral unmixing deconvolute the ultrasound waves emitted by these different absorbers, allowing each emitter to be visualized separately in the target tissue.
In this way, MSOT can allow visualization of hemoglobin concentration and tissue oxygenation or hypoxia.
Unlike other optical imaging methods, MSOT is unaffected by photon scattering and thus can provide high-resolution optical images deep inside biological tissues.