Constitutional law on presidential elections

The 1876 United States presidential election was the 23rd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 7, 1876, in which Republican nominee Rutherford B.
Hayes faced Democrat Samuel J.
Tilden.
It was one of the most contentious presidential elections in American history.
Its resolution involved negotiations between the Republicans and Democrats, resulting in the Compromise of 1877, and on March 2, 1877, the counting of electoral votes by the House and Senate occurred, confirming Hayes as President.
It was the second of five U.S. presidential elections in which the winner did not win a plurality of the national popular vote.

The 1969 Philippine presidential and vice presidential elections were held on November 11, 1969.
Incumbent President Ferdinand Marcos won a second full term as President of the Philippines.
Marcos was the last president in the entire electoral history of the Philippines who ran for and won a second term.
His running mate, incumbent Vice President Fernando Lopez, was also elected to a third full term as Vice President of the Philippines.
A total of twelve candidates ran for president, but ten of those got less than 0.01% of the vote.

Presidential elections were held in Croatia in January 2005, the fourth such elections since independence in 1991.
They were the first presidential elections held after the constitutional changes of November 2000, which replaced a semi-presidential system with an incomplete parliamentary system, greatly reducing the powers of the President in favor of the Prime Minister and their cabinet.
Incumbent president Stjepan Mesić, who had been elected in 2000 as the candidate of the Croatian People's Party, was eligible to seek reelection to a second term and ran as an independent as the constitution prohibits the President from holding party membership while in office.

Presidential elections were held in Ukraine on 17 January 2010.
As no candidate received a majority of the vote, a run-off election was held between Prime Minister Yulia Tymoshenko and opposition leader Viktor Yanukovych on 7 February.

Presidential elections were held in Egypt in 2012, with the first round on 23 and 24 May 2012 and the second on 16 and 17 June, the first democratic presidential election in Egyptian history.
The Muslim Brotherhood declared early 18 June 2012, that its candidate, Mohamed Morsi, won Egypt's presidential election, which would be the first victory of an Islamist as head of state in the Arab world.
It was the second presidential election in Egypt's history with more than one candidate, following the 2005 election, and the first presidential election after the 2011 Egyptian revolution which ousted president Hosni Mubarak, during the Arab Spring.
However, Morsi's presidency was brief and short-lived, and he later faced massive protests for and against his rule, only to be ousted in a military coup in July that year.

Presidential elections were held in Russia on 4 March 2012.
There were five officially registered candidates: four representatives of registered parties, and one nominal independent.
The election was the first one held after constitutional amendments were introduced in 2008, in which the elected president for the first time would serve a six-year term, rather than a four-year term.

Presidential elections were held in Indonesia on 9 July 2014, with former general Prabowo Subianto contesting the elections against the governor of Jakarta, Joko Widodo; incumbent president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was constitutionally barred from seeking a third term in office.
On 22 July the General Elections Commission (KPU) announced Joko Widodo's victory.
He and his vice president, Jusuf Kalla, were sworn-in on 20 October 2014, for a five-year term.

The 2020 United States presidential election was the 59th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 2020.
The Democratic ticket of former vice president Joe Biden and the junior U.S. senator from California Kamala Harris defeated the incumbent Republican president, Donald Trump, and vice president, Mike Pence.
The election took place against the backdrop of the global COVID-19 pandemic and related recession.
The election saw the highest voter turnout by percentage since 1900, with each of the two main tickets receiving more than 74 million votes, surpassing Barack Obama's record of 69.5 million votes from 2008.
Biden received more than 81 million votes, the most votes ever cast for a candidate in a U.S. presidential election.

Early presidential elections were held in Uzbekistan on 9 July 2023.
The early election was called after the approval of the constitutional referendum where term limits were reset and president Shavkat Mirziyoyev can serve two more seven-year terms.

The 2024 Indonesian presidential election will be held on February 14, 2024, to elect the president and vice president of Indonesia for the 2024–2029 term.
This election will be the fifth direct presidential and vice-presidential election in Indonesia.
Incumbent President Joko Widodo is ineligible to run for a third term due to the term limits established by the Indonesian constitution.
This presidential election will be held together with the legislative election for members of the House of Representatives, the Senate and local legislative councils throughout Indonesia.

The president of France is elected every five years.

Russian presidential elections determine who will serve as the president of Russia for the next six years.

The election of the president and the vice president of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the fifty U.S. states or in Washington, D.C., cast ballots not directly for those offices, but instead for members of the Electoral College.
These electors then cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for president, and for vice president.
The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes is then elected to that office.
If no candidate receives an absolute majority of the votes for president, the House of Representatives elects the president; likewise if no one receives an absolute majority of the votes for vice president, then the Senate elects the vice president.