Operational Amplifier (Op Amp) PID Controllers
Most analog electronic PID controllers utilize operational amplifiers in their designs. It is relatively easy to construct circuits performing amplificatio… Proportional Controller Circuit
The basic proportional-only control algorithm follows this formula: m=Kpe+b Where, m= Controller output e= Error (difference between PV and SP) … Derivative Controller Circuit
Differentiating and integrating live voltage signals with respect to time is quite simple using operational amplifier circuits. Instead of using all resistors in t… Integral Controller Circuit
If we simply swap the locations of the resistor and capacitor in the feedback network of this operational amplifier circuit, we create an integratorcircuit wher… Complete PID Controller Circuit Design
The following schematic diagram shows a full PID controller implemented using eight operational amplifiers, designed to input and output voltage sign… Examples of A Single-Loop Analog PID Controller
Foxboro
One popular analog electronic controller was the Foxboro model 62H, shown in the following photographs. Like the model 13… Examples of A Multi-Loop Analog Control System
In contrast to single-loop analog controllers, multi-loopsystems control dozens or even hundreds of process loops at a time. Prior to the advent of reliable digital t… 