Cosmological kahulugan

Craig formulates the kalām cosmological argument this way (Craig and Sinclair 2009; Craig and Smith 1993:

The response of defenders of the cosmological argument is that what is contingent exists because of some action of a necessary being.
As an a posteriori argument, the cosmological argument begins with a fact known by experience, namely, that something contingent exists.
We might sketch out a version of the argument as follows.

The basic challenge in cosmology regards how to test and evaluate cosmological models, given our limited access to the unique universe.
As discussed above, current cosmological models rely in part on extrapolations of well-tested local physics along with novel proposals, such as: