3d seismic data acquisition pdf

  • What is 3D seismic data acquisition?

    .

    1. D seismic programs are generally a uniform and evenly spaced grid of lines.
      2. Receiver lines containing the recording devices (geophones) usually, but not always, run in a direction perpendicular or diagonal to the source lines.
      The resultant product can be thought of as a cube of common depth point stacked reflections.

  • What is 3D seismic interpretation method?

    It is centered on the practice of structural and stratigraphical interpretation in various geological environments, and to the contribution of .

    1. D seismic interpretation at different stages of exploration, appraisal and development for the enhancement of hydrocarbons recovery

  • What is the difference between 2D and 3D seismic data acquisition?

    One of the most obvious differences between .

    1. D and
    2. D seismic is that
    3. D imaging provides information continuously through the subsurface whereas
    4. D seismic reveals only strips of information.
      5. Nevertheless, .
    5. D seismic may not be cost-effective in many onshore provinces, especially in the early stages of exploration

  • Currently, it costs around $75,000 per square mile to acquire .
    1. D seismic data.
      2. The Oil and Gas Company that requests the acquisition spends at least $.
    2. M, and possibly over $4
    3. M, before they see any of the results.
      4. The mineral owners and surface owners pay nothing.
  • The acquisition process includes generating a signal with an energy source, and detecting and recording the reflections using receivers.
    The ultimate goal is to create a .
    1. D line or
    2. D volume of seismic data that adequately samples the geology being mapped
The seismic sections give information abut many of the design parameters such as noise, source power, weathering problems, and general structure. Field records 

What is 4D seismic method?

Seismic monitoring of oil and gas reservoirs by using time-lapsed 3-D surveys has come to be called the 4-D seismic method ( 4-D seismic method ).
The basic principles of 2-D seismic data processing still apply to 3-D processing.
In 2-D seismic data processing, traces are collected into common-midpoint (CMP) gathers to create a CMP stack.

,

What is a 3D seismic survey?

Most 3-D surveys are aimed at detailed delineation of already discovered oil and gas fields.
Additionally, 3-D surveys are repeated over the same area at appropriate intervals, say every few years, to monitor changes in fluid saturation which may be inferred from changes in seismic amplitudes.

,

What is seismic data acquisition & processing?

The aim of seismic data acquisition and processing is to deliver products that mimic cross-sections through the earth.
In order to do this, the correct amount and types of data must be acquired, and processing applied to remove unwanted energy (such as:

  1. multiples)
  2. to place the required events in the correct location
,

What is the difference between 2D and 3D seismic data processing?

The basic principles of 2-D seismic data processing still apply to 3-D processing.
In 2-D seismic data processing, traces are collected into common-midpoint (CMP) gathers to create a CMP stack.
In 3-D data processing, traces are collected into common-cell gathers (bins) to create common-cell stacks.

Measurement process

Seismic migration is the process by which seismic events are geometrically re-located in either space or time to the location the event occurred in the subsurface rather than the location that it was recorded at the surface, thereby creating a more accurate image of the subsurface.
This process is necessary to overcome the limitations of geophysical methods imposed by areas of complex geology, such as: faults, salt bodies, folding, etc.

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