Abortion bioethics pdf

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.
An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies.
When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently induced miscarriage.
The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion.
The reasons why women have abortions are diverse and vary across the world.
Reasons include maternal health, an inability to afford a child, domestic violence, lack of support, feeling they are too young, wishing to complete education or advance a career, and not being able or willing to raise a child conceived as a result of rape or incest.

Abortion in Brazil is a crime, with penalties of 1 to 3 years of imprisonment for the pregnant woman, and 1 to 4 years of imprisonment for the doctor or any other person who performs the abortion on someone else.
In three specific situations in Brazil, induced abortion is not punishable by law: in cases of risk to woman's life; when the pregnancy is the result of rape; and if the fetus is anencephalic.
In these cases, the Brazilian government provides the abortion procedure free of charge through the Sistema Único de Saúde.
This does not mean that the law regards abortion in these cases as a right, but only that women who receive abortions under these circumstances, and the doctors, will not be punished.
The punishment for a woman who performs an abortion on herself or consents to an abortion performed by another outside these legal exceptions is one to three years of detention.
The base penalty for a third party that performs an illegal abortion with the consent of the patient, ranges from one to four years of detention, with the possibility of increase by a third if the woman comes to any physical harm, and can be doubled if she dies.
Criminal penalties fixed at four years or less can be converted to non-incarceration punishments, such as community service and compulsory donation to charity.

Abortion in Egypt is prohibited by Articles 260–264 of the Penal Code of 1937.
However, under Article 61 of the Penal Code, exceptions may be granted in cases of necessity, which has typically been interpreted to permit an abortion necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.
In some cases, this exception has been extended to cases where the pregnancy poses dangers to the pregnant woman's health, and to cases of foetal impairment.
A physician can only perform an abortion in such cases when two specialists approve, unless the woman's life is in imminent danger.

Abortion in Europe varies considerably between countries and territories due to differing national laws and policies on its legality, availability of the procedure, and alternative forms of support for pregnant women and their families.

A Defense of Abortion is a moral philosophy essay by Judith Jarvis Thomson first published in Philosophy & Public Affairs in 1971.
Granting for the sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, Thomson uses thought experiments to argue that the right to life does not include, entail, or imply the right to use someone else's body to survive and that induced abortion is therefore morally permissible.
Thomson's argument has many critics on both sides of the abortion debate, yet it continues to receive defense.
Thomson's imaginative examples and controversial conclusions have made A Defense of Abortion perhaps the most widely reprinted essay in all of contemporary philosophy.

Indirect abortion is the name given by Catholic theologians to a medical procedure which has a beneficial medical effect and also results in an abortion as a secondary effect.
Edwin F.
Healy makes a distinction between direct abortions that is, abortion which is either an end or a means, and indirect abortions, where the loss of the fetus is then considered to be a secondary effect.

Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.
An abortion that occurs without intervention is known as a miscarriage or spontaneous abortion; these occur in approximately 30% to 40% of all pregnancies.
When deliberate steps are taken to end a pregnancy, it is called an induced abortion, or less frequently induced miscarriage.
The unmodified word abortion generally refers to an induced abortion.
The reasons why women have abortions are diverse and vary across the world.
Reasons include maternal health, an inability to afford a child, domestic violence, lack of support, feeling they are too young, wishing to complete education or advance a career, and not being able or willing to raise a child conceived as a result of rape or incest.

Abortion in Brazil is a crime, with penalties of 1 to 3 years of imprisonment for the pregnant woman, and 1 to 4 years of imprisonment for the doctor or any other person who performs the abortion on someone else.
In three specific situations in Brazil, induced abortion is not punishable by law: in cases of risk to woman's life; when the pregnancy is the result of rape; and if the fetus is anencephalic.
In these cases, the Brazilian government provides the abortion procedure free of charge through the Sistema Único de Saúde.
This does not mean that the law regards abortion in these cases as a right, but only that women who receive abortions under these circumstances, and the doctors, will not be punished.
The punishment for a woman who performs an abortion on herself or consents to an abortion performed by another outside these legal exceptions is one to three years of detention.
The base penalty for a third party that performs an illegal abortion with the consent of the patient, ranges from one to four years of detention, with the possibility of increase by a third if the woman comes to any physical harm, and can be doubled if she dies.
Criminal penalties fixed at four years or less can be converted to non-incarceration punishments, such as community service and compulsory donation to charity.

Abortion in Egypt is prohibited by Articles 260–264 of the Penal Code of 1937.
However, under Article 61 of the Penal Code, exceptions may be granted in cases of necessity, which has typically been interpreted to permit an abortion necessary to save the life of the pregnant woman.
In some cases, this exception has been extended to cases where the pregnancy poses dangers to the pregnant woman's health, and to cases of foetal impairment.
A physician can only perform an abortion in such cases when two specialists approve, unless the woman's life is in imminent danger.

Abortion in Europe varies considerably between countries and territories due to differing national laws and policies on its legality, availability of the procedure, and alternative forms of support for pregnant women and their families.

A Defense of Abortion is a moral philosophy essay by Judith Jarvis Thomson first published in Philosophy & Public Affairs in 1971.
Granting for the sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, Thomson uses thought experiments to argue that the right to life does not include, entail, or imply the right to use someone else's body to survive and that induced abortion is therefore morally permissible.
Thomson's argument has many critics on both sides of the abortion debate, yet it continues to receive defense.
Thomson's imaginative examples and controversial conclusions have made A Defense of Abortion perhaps the most widely reprinted essay in all of contemporary philosophy.

Indirect abortion is the name given by Catholic theologians to a medical procedure which has a beneficial medical effect and also results in an abortion as a secondary effect.
Edwin F.
Healy makes a distinction between direct abortions that is, abortion which is either an end or a means, and indirect abortions, where the loss of the fetus is then considered to be a secondary effect.