History of bioethics pdf

PDF | The history of bioethics and its principles are analized in a concise way in this commentary. The origin of the term bioethics was coined in 1927.

Definition and development

The range of issues considered to fall within the purview of bioethics varies depending on how broadly the field is defined.
In one common usage, bioethics is more or less equivalent to medical ethics, or biomedical ethics.
The term medical ethics itself has been challenged, however, in light of the growing interest in issues dealing with health care professions other than medicine, in particular nursing.
The professionalization of nursing and the perception of nurses as ethically accountable in their own right have led to the development of a distinct field known as nursing ethics.
Accordingly, health care ethics has come into use as a more inclusive term.
Bioethics, however, is broader than this, because some of the issues it encompasses concern not so much the practice of health care as the conduct and results of research in the life sciences, especially in areas such as cloning and gene therapy (see clone and genetic engineering), stem cell research, xenotransplantation (animal-to-human transplantation), and human longevity.

Overview

bioethics, branch of applied ethics that studies the philosophical, social, and legal issues arising in medicine and the life sciences.
It is chiefly concerned with human life and well-being, though it sometimes also treats ethical questions relating to the nonhuman biological environment. (Such questions are studied primarily in the independent fields of environmental ethics [see environmentalism] and animal rights.)

History of the ideologies based in Marxism

The history of communism encompasses a wide variety of ideologies and political movements sharing the core theoretical values of common ownership of wealth, economic enterprise, and property.
Most modern forms of communism are grounded at least nominally in Marxism, a theory and method conceived by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels during the 19th century.
Marxism subsequently gained a widespread following across much of Europe and throughout the late 1800s its militant supporters were instrumental in a number of failed revolutions on that continent.
During the same era, there was also a proliferation of communist parties which rejected armed revolution, but embraced the Marxist ideal of collective property and a classless society.

History of the ideologies based in Marxism