Bioinformatics and kinases

  • Do kinases use ATP or GTP?

    This suggests that there may be two different types of protein kinase in the synaptic plasma membrane which act on similar membrane proteins.
    One is stimulated by cyclic AMP and is specific to ATP while the other is unaffected by cyclic nucleotides and can use either ATP or GTP as phosphate donor..

  • How do kinases work?

    Protein kinases and phosphatases are enzymes catalysing the transfer of phosphate between their substrates.
    A protein kinase catalyses the transfer of γ-phosphate from ATP (or GTP) to its protein substrates while a protein phosphatase catalyses the transfer of the phosphate from a phosphoprotein to a water molecule..

  • How do you detect kinases?

    The most commonly used biochemical method to determine kinase activity toward substrates is the in vitro kinase assay in which the purified kinase is incubated with a putative substrate in the presence of ATP..

  • What activates kinases?

    Kinases that are known to be activated by phosphorylation on the activation segment have an RD sequence at the catalytic aspartate (e.g., all those listed in the left column of Table 1)..

  • What are kinases responsible for?

    In particular, the protein kinases are responsible for cellular transduction signaling and their hyperactivity, malfunction or overexpression can be found in several diseases, mostly tumors.
    Therefore, it is evident that the use of kinase inhibitors can be valuable for the treatment of cancer..

  • What are the applications of kinases?

    Kinases are used extensively to transmit signals and regulate complex processes in cells.
    Phosphorylation of molecules can enhance or inhibit their activity and modulate their ability to interact with other molecules..

  • What are the three major types of kinases?

    Kinases are classified into three main types based on the substrate they act upon.
    The three main types of kinase include protein kinases, lipid kinases, carbohydrate kinases.
    Protein kinases - Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins, modifying their function in several different ways..

  • What are the three types of kinases?

    Kinases are classified into broad groups by the substrate they act upon: protein kinases, lipid kinases, carbohydrate kinases..

  • What do kinases do in biology?

    kinase, an enzyme that adds phosphate groups (PO43−) to other molecules.
    A large number of kinases exist—the human genome contains at least 500 kinase-encoding genes.
    Included among these enzymes' targets for phosphate group addition (phosphorylation) are proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids..

  • What do kinases do?

    Protein kinases and phosphatases are enzymes catalysing the transfer of phosphate between their substrates.
    A protein kinase catalyses the transfer of γ-phosphate from ATP (or GTP) to its protein substrates while a protein phosphatase catalyses the transfer of the phosphate from a phosphoprotein to a water molecule..

  • What is protein kinase A used for?

    Protein kinase A acts to phosphorylate many enzymes important in metabolism.
    For example, protein kinase A phosphorylates acetyl-CoA carboxylase and pyruvate dehydrogenase.
    Such covalent modification has an inhibitory effect on these enzymes, thus inhibiting lipogenesis and promoting net gluconeogenesis..

  • What is the biological importance of kinases?

    Kinases are used extensively to transmit signals and regulate complex processes in cells.
    Phosphorylation of molecules can enhance or inhibit their activity and modulate their ability to interact with other molecules..

  • What is the purpose of kinases?

    Kinases are used extensively to transmit signals and regulate complex processes in cells.
    Phosphorylation of molecules can enhance or inhibit their activity and modulate their ability to interact with other molecules..

  • What is the purpose of protein kinases?

    Protein kinases and phosphatases are enzymes catalysing the transfer of phosphate between their substrates.
    A protein kinase catalyses the transfer of γ-phosphate from ATP (or GTP) to its protein substrates while a protein phosphatase catalyses the transfer of the phosphate from a phosphoprotein to a water molecule..

  • What is the role of bioinformatics in biotechnology?

    Bioinformatics tools can be used to identify and annotate genes, analyze gene expression patterns, and compare genomes across species.
    This information can be used to develop new biotechnology applications, such as gene therapy, personalized medicine, and the development of new drugs..

  • What type of enzyme is kinase?

    Kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
    Kinases are critical in metabolism, cell signalling, protein regulation, cellular transport, secretory processes, and many other cellular pathways..

  • Where are kinases found?

    Histidine kinases are found widely in prokaryotes, as well as in plants, fungi and eukaryotes.
    The pyruvate dehydrogenase family of kinases in animals is structurally related to histidine kinases, but instead phosphorylate serine residues, and probably do not use a phospho-histidine intermediate..

  • Where is kinase used?

    Kinases are used extensively to transmit signals and regulate complex processes in cells.
    Phosphorylation of molecules can enhance or inhibit their activity and modulate their ability to interact with other molecules..

  • Who discovered protein kinase?

    The origin of protein kinase research traces back to the discovery of ATP-dependent, divalent metal ion-dependent enzymatic activity in 1955 by Fischer and Krebs [25], which ultimately led to the discovery of the serine/threonine kinase phosphorylase b kinase [26], [27]..

  • Who do kinases do?

    Kinases carry out the phosphorylation reactions by transferring the gamma phosphate of ATP onto hydroxyl groups of various substrates including lipids, sugars or amino acids and is reversed by the corresponding phosphatases..

  • Why is bioinformatics important in molecular biology?

    It plays a role in the analysis of gene and protein expression and regulation.
    Bioinformatics tools aid in the comparison of genetic and genomic data and more generally in the understanding of evolutionary aspects of molecular biology..

  • For example, it is used to identify correlations between gene sequences and diseases, to predict protein structures from amino acid sequences, to aid in the design of novel drugs, and to tailor treatments to individual patients based on their DNA sequences (pharmacogenomics).
  • Kinases and transcription factors (TFs) are key modulators of important signaling pathways and their activities underlie the proper function of many basic cellular processes such as cell division, differentiation, and development.
  • Kinases are particularly prominent in signal transduction and co-ordination of complex functions such as the cell cycle.
    The diversity of essential functions mediated by kinases is shown by the conservation of some 50 distinct kinase families between yeast, invertebrate and mammalian kinomes.
  • Protein kinases can be further classified according to their function.
    There are three main categories: signaling protein kinases, metabolic protein kinases, and housekeeping protein kinases.
  • The human kinome comprises 538 kinases playing essential functions by catalyzing protein phosphorylation.
Protein kinases have been implicated in a number of diseases, where kinases participate many aspects that control cell growth, movement and death.
This article reviews bioinformatics techniques for protein kinase data management and analysis, kinase pathways and drug targets and describes their potential 

How do kinase activities affect biological processes?

Kinase activities therefore have definitive regulatory effects on a broad variety of biological processes, in which activated kinases typically target a large number of different substrate proteins.

What is IKK (IB kinase)?

IKK (IκB kinase) is an enzyme complex that participates in NF-κB signaling pathway.
It phosphorylates and inhibits IκB, thus leads to the activation of NF-κB.
It is a target for treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer.

What is the kinase knowledge base?

The development of a kinase structural database, the kinase knowledge base (KKB), is described.
It covers all human kinase domain structures that have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank.
All structures are renumbered using a common scheme, which enables efficient cross-comparisons and multiple queries of interest to the kinase field.

Why are protein kinases important?

When kinase pathways are dysregulated, a variety of diseases occur, including:

  • diabetes and autoimmune diseases
  • inflammatory diseases
  • nervous disorders and cancer.
    Therefore, protein kinases have been one of the most important drug targets in recent years, accounting for a quarter of all current drug development working.
    • Bioinformatics and kinases
    Bioinformatics and kinases

    Class of enzymes

    Adenylate kinase is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of the various adenosine phosphates.
    By constantly monitoring phosphate nucleotide levels inside the cell, ADK plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis.
    Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta

    Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta

    Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

    Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene.
    In mice, the enzyme is encoded by the Gsk3b gene.
    Abnormal regulation and expression of GSK-3 beta is associated with an increased susceptibility towards bipolar disorder.
    Guanylate kinase

    Guanylate kinase

    Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates

    Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates

    Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen.
    PhK phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase at two serine residues, triggering a conformational shift which favors the more active glycogen phosphorylase “a” form over the less active glycogen phosphorylase b.
    Adenylate kinase is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of the

    Adenylate kinase is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of the

    Class of enzymes

    Adenylate kinase is a phosphotransferase enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of the various adenosine phosphates.
    By constantly monitoring phosphate nucleotide levels inside the cell, ADK plays an important role in cellular energy homeostasis.
    Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta

    Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta

    Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

    Glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, (GSK-3 beta), is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSK3B gene.
    In mice, the enzyme is encoded by the Gsk3b gene.
    Abnormal regulation and expression of GSK-3 beta is associated with an increased susceptibility towards bipolar disorder.
    Guanylate kinase

    Guanylate kinase

    Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates

    Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates

    Phosphorylase kinase (PhK) is a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase which activates glycogen phosphorylase to release glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen.
    PhK phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase at two serine residues, triggering a conformational shift which favors the more active glycogen phosphorylase “a” form over the less active glycogen phosphorylase b.

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