NOMEN CLATU RE OF INORG ANIC CHE MISTRY IUPAC Recom
chemis ts who need to deal with chemical satwork or at home) Arevisi on of Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 1990 (Red Boo kI)was therefore initiated in 1998 under the guidan ce of the IUPAC Comm ission on Nomencla ture of Inorgani cChe mistry (CNIC) and then onthe abolition of CNIC in 2001 as part of the |
NOMENCLATURE EN CHIMIE ORGANIQUE
La nomenclature permet de : Trouver le nom d’une molécule connaissant la structure Trouver la structure d’une molécule connaissant le nom Hydrocarbures (HC) saturés acycliques : les alcanes Les hydrocarbures saturés ne sont formés que de carbone et d’hydrogène Nom : préfixe correspondant au nombre de carbones de la chaîne + terminaison ane Ex |
Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations and
For nomenclature purposes a structure containing at least one carbon atom is considered to be an organic compound and can be named using the principles of organic nomenclature such as substitutive or replacement nomenclature as described in this book |
Principles of Chemical Nomenclature
The School of Chemistry Physics and Environmental Science University of Sussex Brighton UK |
There are fundamentally two types of nomenclature: (1) substitutive nomenclature, the principal nomenclature used in organic chemistry and the basis of IUPAC preferred organic names; and (2) additive nomenclature used in inorganic chemistry for generating coordination names.
The practice in nomenclature is to consider any element other than C, H and the rare gases to be metals if this is useful. The names nomenclature and from inorganic nomenclatures. The names of organometallic situation. [Sn(C2H5)4]. Note that the square brackets imply a coordination compound.
For molecular com-pounds, substitutive nomenclature, originally developed for naming organic com- pounds and the oldest systematic nomenclature still in use, is generally used. This system, which relies upon the concept of a parent compound from which a series of products may be derived in a formal fashion by replacement (or, otherwise,
the constraints of a description which generally implies localised electron-pair bonds or specific atom—atom interactions. For these, further systems of nomenclature are in the process of development. Finally, oxoacids and inorganic rings and chains have their own nomenclature variants. there may be more than one way of deriving a correct name.
The School of Chemistry, Physics and Environmental Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK old.iupac.org
This book arose out of the convictions that IUPAC nomenclature needs to be made as accessible as possible to teachers and students alike, and that there is an absence of relatively complete accounts of the IUPAC 'colour' books suited to school and undergraduate audiences. This is not to decry in any way the efforts of organisations such as the Asso
good reason why chemists generally should not adopt the more systematic phos- phane, rather than phosphine, for PH3. Students may find this matter of choice confusing on occasion, which will be a pity. However, there are certain long-established principles that endure, and we hope to have encompassed them in this book. old.iupac.org
Chemical nomenclature is at least as old as the pseudoscience of alchemy, which was able to recognise a limited number of reproducible materials. These were assigned names that often conveyed something of the nature of the material (vitriol, oil of vitriol, butter of lead, aqua fortis . . .). As chemistry became a real science, and principles of th
which has the remit to study all aspects of the nomenclature of organic substances, to recommend the most desirable practices, systematising trivial (i.e. non-systematic) methods, and to propose desirable practices to meet specific problems. The Commis- sion on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (CNIC) was established rather later, because of
An element (or an elementary substance) is matter, the atoms of which are alike in having the same positive charge on the nucleus (or atomic number). In certain languages, a clear distinction is made between the terms 'element' and 'elementary substance'. In English, it is not customary to make such nice distinc-tions, and the word 'atom' is someti
unsynthesised, the three-letter symbols, such as Uuq, and their associated names are provisional. They are provided for temporary use until such time as a consensus is reached in the chemical community that these elements have indeed been synthe- sised, and a trivial name and symbol have been assigned after the prescribed IUPAC procedures have take
Polyatomic ions are treated similarly, although the charge must also be indicated. These formulae tell nothing about structure. As soon as structural information is combined with the formula, these simple rules need to be amplified. It should be noted that the discussion so far has assumed that all compounds are stoichiometric, i.e. that all the at
In organic chemistry, structural formulae are frequently presented as condensed formulae. This abbreviated presentation is especially useful for large molecules. Another way of presenting structural formulae is by using bonds only, with the understanding that carbon and hydrogen atoms are never explicitly shown. Examples old.iupac.org
Note the use of enclosing marks: parentheses Q,square brackets [] and braces { }. They are used to avoid ambiguity. In the specific case of coordination compounds, square brackets denote a 'coordination entity' (see below). In the organic examples above, the use of square brackets to indicate an unbranched chain is shown. In organic nomenclature ge
modified alphabetical sequence is recommended. This is primarily a sequence for use in indexes, such as in a book that lists compounds cited by formula. old.iupac.org
adopted for general use. In a formula, the order of citation of symbols is based upon relative electronegativities. Although there is no general confusion about which of, say, Na and Cl represents the more electronegative element, there is no universal scale of electronegativity that is appropriate for all purposes. However, for ionic compounds, ca
For intermetallic compounds, where all the elements can be considered to be electropositive, strict alphabetical ordering of symbols is recommended. Examples old.iupac.org
Note that these bond indicators do not imply long bonds. Their size and form are dictated solely by the demands of the linear presentation. It is usual for a coordination compound to write the formula of a ligand with the donor atom first. The nickel complex represented above has both S and P bonded to the metal (as well as all the carbon atoms of
Note that some authorities prefer to use a thickened line to represent a bond projecting towards the reader, and that organic practice is never to indicate a carbon atom in a projection by an atomic symbol. A Newman projection is obtained by viewing a molecule along a bond. Take the ethane (or substituted ethane) molecule represented below (a). Thi
dC—C,-b f c Three-dimensional structure (a) I b e f old.iupac.org
The Newman projection along the central carbon—carbon bond is shown below. d a f b Newman projection A circle represents these two carbon atoms, with lines from outside the circle towards its centre representing bonds to other atoms. The lines that represent bonds to the nearer carbon atom end meet at the centre, and those to the other carbon atom
synperiplanar (sp) synclinal (sc) anticlinal (as) antiperiplanar (ap) or gauche Note that the terms syn and anti alone are no longer used in this context. The chlorine atoms may be described as synperiplanar, synclinal, anticlinal or anti- periplanar to each other. In inorganic compounds, stereochemical arrangements other than octahedral or tetrahe
different alkanes differing from each other in their connectivities. Two are shown in old.iupac.org
The conformation of a molecule is the spatial arrangement of the atoms. Different stereoisomers that can be interconverted by rotation about single bonds are termed conformers. Thus a conformer is one of a set of stereoisomers differing from one another in their conformations, each of which is considered to correspond to a potential-energy minimum
mirror images of each other. Where two such molecules exist in chemistry, they are called enantiomers. Enantiomers have identical physical properties (except for the interaction with polarised light) and chemical reactivity (except for reaction with other chiral species). Consequently, any biological activities that involve stereospec-ificity may a
Specialists in nomenclature recognise two different categories of nomenclature. Names that are arbitrary (including the names of the elements, such as sodium and hydrogen) as well as laboratory shorthand names (such as diphos and LithAl) are termed trivial names. This is not a pejorative or dismissive term. Trivial nomencla-ture contrasts with syst
structure were completely unknown. The names of the elements are still essentially trivial, but these are the basis of systematic nomenclature. Now that we understand much more of the way in which atoms combine, we can construct names that can give information about stoichiometry and structure. However, unsystematic usages that have their roots in
This is a system based upon stoichiometry. It is not restricted to binary (two-element) compounds, but the nomenclature is binary in structure, as discussed below. old.iupac.org
This provides names for compounds for which little or no structural information is available. However, a minimum of structural information is known or assumed. In particular, using the assumed or established division of constituents into positive and negative parts already employed above in establishing formulae, we divide the constituents into the
multiplicative prefixes. The electropositive constituent names are cited first, and are separated from the electronegative constituent names by a space. The multiplicative prefixes may not be necessary if the oxidation states are explicit or are clearly understood. However, oxidation state information should never be conveyed by the suffixes -ous a
pounds. Organometallic compounds of Main Group elements can, to a first approx-imation, be considered to be derivatives of hydrides, and the methods of substitutive nomenclature can be applied. Even then, the accessibility of different oxidation states, as with phosphorus(ni) and phosphorus(v), introduces complications. Transi- tion metal organomet
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Brochure_tec_der_170117.pdf
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La nomenclature permet de : a) Trouver le nom d'une molécule connaissant la structure b) Trouver la structure d'une molécule connaissant le nom |
Chapitre 3: Nomenclature en chimie organique
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NOMENCLATURE ET FONCTIONS ORGANIQUES 1 - LES ALCANES Les noms des différentes molécules organiques quels que soient les groupements fonctionnels |
NOMENCLATURE DES COMPOSES CHIMIQUES
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NOMENCLATURE DES COMPOSÉS ORGANIQUES
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published as R gles Internationales de la Nomenclature Zoologique (French, English & German) 1961First edition of the Code of Zoological Nomenclature 1964Second edition 1985Third edition (glossary added; French = English) 1988Launch of fourth edition project 1995Draft of fourth edition released by Secretariat
LA/LH Series – Features & Nomenclature Nomenclature LA 6 2: AC Large Capacity Coil Refrigerant: LA = “A” Coil: blank = R-22: LH = Horizontal Slab Coil R
6 MACROMOLECULAR (POLYMER) NOMENCLATURE, 103 6 1 Definitions, 103 6 2 General considerations, 104 6 3 Source-based nomenclature, 105 6 4 Structure-based nomenclature, 105 6 5 Trade names and abbreviations, 113 V
Les principales règles de la nomenclature substitutive : Règle 1 : re her her la haîne aronée prinipale, ’est-à-dire la chaîne carbonée la plus longue que l’on puisse trouver au sein de la molécule Règle 2 : rechercher et identifier tous les groupes fonctionnels de la molécule Effectuer une hiérarchisation
La nomenclature des composés à fonctions mixtes est comme suit: La fonction prioritaire est désignée par un suffixe et le sens de numérotation de la chaîne principale est choisi de façon à lui attribuer l'indice le plus petit possible
Y O R K - EQ U IPM EN T N O M EN C LA TU R E FA C TO R Y IN STA LLED O PTIO N C O D E 3 Typical O ption N um ber and Letter C ode Legend OPTION NU M BER DESCR IPTIO N LETTER CO DE 1 6 8 EC JS DK S ingle Input E conom izer A lternate M otor/D rive D ual Input E conom izer w /D ifferential E nthalpy NO M CO O LING CAPACITY 1 2 0 MBH (120 x 1000
Nomenclature officielle •X 1: Le premier nombre pouvant varier de 1 à 6 indique le type de réactions •X 2: Le deuxième désigne la sous-classe de l'enzyme qui est définie suivant son mécanisme
HE, HH, LA/LH Series Evaporator Coils SG-HAC-30 February 2012 2175 West Park Place Blvd , Stone Mountain, GA 30087 www adpnow com Specification Guide
Au total, le nouveau Tarif Extérieur Commun comporte 5899 lignes tarifaires basées sur la Nomenclature du Système Harmonisé (SH) de désignation et de codification des marchandises, utilisée à l’échelle internationale par plus de 98 du Commerce mondial des marchandises et gérée par l’Organisation Mondiale des Douanes (OMD)
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