Thus it is thermodynamic pH scale that describes real solutions, not the concentration one. For solutions in which ion concentrations don't exceed 0.1 M, the formulas pH = –log [H +] and pOH = –log [OH –] are generally reliable, but don't expect a 10.0 M solution of a strong acid to have a pH of exactly –1.00!
Chemicals with pH values from 0 up to 7 are acids, those with a pH value of 7 are neutral, and those with pH values greater than 7 up to 14 are bases. Here is a table of pH values of common chemicals. You’ll see charts that give slightly different pH values for some chemicals.
pH is a logarithmic scale. A solution that has a pH of 1.0 has 10 times the [H +] as a solution with a pH of 2.0, which in turn has 10 times the [H +] as a solution with a pH of 3.0 and so forth. Using the definition of pH, it is also possible to calculate [H +] (and [OH − ]) from pH and vice versa.
The higher the pH value, the more basic the solution and the lower the concentration of H + . While we could also describe the acidity or basicity of a solution in terms of pOH , it is a little more common to use pH . Luckily, we can easily convert between pH and pOH values.
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pH (a measure of acidity) was measured at a number of locations along Cement Creek and the Animas. River to Durango and beyond to Farmington New Mexico. |
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