reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives practice problems


How do carboxylic acid derivatives react?

    Carboxylic acid derivatives react tend to react via nucleophilic acyl substitution where the group on the acyl unit, R-C=O undergoes substitution: Note that unlike aldehydes and ketones, this reactivity of carboxylic acids retains the carbonyl group, C=O. . The observed reactivity order is shown below: This reactivity order is important.

Is it possible to have a carboxylic acid with another functional group?

    However, it is also possible to have a carboxylic acid with one or more other functional groups present in the chain. For example, hydroxyethanoic acid would mean an ethanoic acid with another hydroxy group.

What are the most activated derivatives of carboxylic acids?

    Acid halides or acyl are one of the most activated derivatives of carboxylic acids. Acid chlorides are formed by the reaction of thionyl chloride with a carboxylic acid. They are often used to prepare the other derivatives of carboxylic acid.

What is an example of a carboxylic acid reduction?

    The only other reduction of a carboxylic acid derivative that is widely used is that of nitriles to 1º-amines. Examples of these reductions are provided in the following diagram. The second and third equations illustrate the extreme difference in hydrogenation reactivity between esters and nitriles.
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