NOS FORMATIONS MULTIVALENTE
|
HEC Paris
HEC Paris |
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activity is involved in the mechanism of pathogenesis of hypertension. In mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), nNOS expression was ~2 times higher than in vessels from control animals (Briones et al., 2000). A similar result showing increased expression of nNOS in vascular smooth muscle cells was found in carotid arteries from SHR. It was shown that activation of nNOS on stimulation by Angio
Conclusions
This mini-review summarizes puzzling information on the role of nNOS in the control of vascular homeostasis under physiological and diseases conditions. Recent data indicates that nNOS is constitutively expressed in the endothelial cells of different types of vessels in animals and human. More importantly, nNOS-derived products such as NO and H2O2p
Funding
This work was supported by FAPEMIG (Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais) grant APQ-00683-13 and CNPq (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) grants 467147/2014-0, 305693/2014-0, and 470860/2012-0. frontiersin.org
Conflict of Interest Statement
The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. frontiersin.org
Introduction
Since the early 80s, nitric oxide (NO) is considered an essential endothelium-derived molecule, crucial to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis (Furchgott and Zawadzki, 1980). Later on, it became evident that a decrease in the bioavailability of NO participated in several cardiovascular disorders such as atherosclerosis (Napoli et al., 200
Gene Expression and Molecular Structure of nNOS
nNOS gene is positioned on chromosome 12 (12q24.2) and distributed over a region greater than 200 kb in human genomic DNA (Hall et al., 1994). It consists of 4299 nucleotides encoding 1434 amino acids (Boissel et al., 1998). nNOS exists as a monomer/dimer mixture, being the dimer the active form. Each monomer consists of two domains: N-terminal (ca
Formation of nNOS Products
NO formation through L-arginine is catalyzed by nNOS in two steps: the hydroxylation of L-arginine to the intermediate Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine (NOHA), which is then oxidized to L-citrulline and NO (Papale et al., 2012). In the first step, NADPH transfers electrons to FAD and FMN, which have the capacity to reduce molecular oxygen to superoxide (O2•-)
Role of nNOS in Vascular Homeostasis
Emerging evidence shows that nNOS has a physiologically relevant role in the control of the cardiovascular system. Here, we outline the recent advances on the role of nNOS in the vascular function. There are several reports implicating the participation of nNOS in cerebral blood flow (CBF; Pelligrino et al., 1993; Santizo et al., 2000; Chi et al.,
nNOS in Vascular Diseases
Hypertension Several studies have indicated that the imbalance in nNOS expression and/or activit
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