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DNS (Domain Name System) – Cheat Sheet – Part-1

DNS (Domain Name System) – Cheat Sheet – Part-1 Version 1 Key Attributes DNS Working (with example) DNS Query Types q Recursive Queries If the DNS server cannot resolve a query it sends query to other DNS Servers on behalf of the DNS Client This is generally used by Clients

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DNS Fundamentals and Intro to DNS Security

DNS Data The DNS standard specifies the format of DNS data sent over the network Informally called “wire format” The standard also specifies a text-based representation for DNS data called master file format used for storing the data (much like tables in a database) A zone file contains all the data for a zone in master file format

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Introduction to DNS

Computers and DNS domains are named based on their position in the domain tree For example because reskit is a subdomain of the com domain the domain name for reskit is reskit com Every node in the DNS domain tree can be identified by a fully qualified domain name (FQDN) The FQDN is a DNS domain name that has been stated unambiguously so as t

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The Domain Name System (DNS)

Types of DNS Entries DNS is used not just for name to address resolution But also for finding mail server pop server responsible person etc for a computer DNS database has multiple types Record type A ⇒ Address of X Record type MX ⇒ Mail exchanger of X CNAME entry = Alias name (like a file link) \"see name\"

PDF	Domain Name System (DNS) Fundamentals • A (address): map hostname to IPv4 address • AAAA (quad A): map a hostname to IPv6 address • PTR (pointer): map IP address to hostname • MX (mail exchanger): where to deliver mail for

What is a CNAME in DNS?
The canonical name (CNAME) is normally used to alias one name to another (but do not confuse it with an ALIAS). In the case of CNAME there should be no other records on the same name. ◉ Note that a CNAME always points to a name (not an IP address). ◉ The most common use of DNS is mapping domain names to IP addresses.
How do DNS resolvers work?
DNS server either gives the answer, forwards therequest to another server, or gives a referral Referral = Next server to whom request should be sent Resolvers use UDP (single name)or TCP (whole group of names) Knowing the address of the root server is sufficient
How do slaves resolve a DNS query?
Slaves make no attempt to resolve the query on their own if the forwarder cannot satisfy the request. DNS servers use a mechanism called round-robin or load sharing, explained in RFC 1794, to share and distribute loads for network resources.
What is an example of a DNS name?
Figure 5.1 shows part of the Internet domain namespace, from the root domain and top-level Internet DNS domains, to the fictional DNS domain named reskit.com that contains a host (computer) named Mfgserver. Each node in the DNS tree represents a DNS name. Some examples of DNS names are DNS domains, computers, and services.

Domain Name

Computers and DNS domains are named based on their position in the domain tree. For example, because reskit is a subdomain of the .com domain, the domain name for reskit is reskit.com. Every node in the DNS domain tree can be identified by a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). The FQDN is a DNS domain name that has been stated unambiguously so as t

Description

.edu .gov .int .mil An Internet name authority delegates portions of the domain namespace under this level to commercial organizations, such as the Microsoft Corporation. An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to educational organizations, such as the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). An Internet name auth

Description

.org An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to networking organizations, such as the National Science Foundation (NSF). An Internet name authority delegates portions of this domain namespace to noncommercial organizations, such as the Center for Networked Information people.cs.rutgers.edu

Example DNS Domain Name

nsf.net cnidr.org Discovery and Retrieval (CNIDR). In addition to the top-level domains listed above, individual countries have their own top-level domains. For example, .ca is the top-level domain for Canada. Beneath the top-level domains, an Internet name authority delegates domains to organizations that connect to the Internet. The organizations

Basic DNS Concepts

This section provides brief definitions of additional DNS concepts, which are described in more detail in the following sections of this chapter. DNS servers. Computers that run DNS server programs containing DNS database information about the DNS domain tree structure. DNS servers also attempt to resolve client queries. When queried, DNS servers c

Zones

A zone is a contiguous portion of the DNS namespace. It contains a series of records stored on a DNS server. Each zone is anchored at a specific domain node. However, zones are not domains. A DNS domain is a branch of the namespace, whereas a zone is a portion of the DNS namespace generally stored in a file, and can contain multiple domains. A doma

DNS Servers

DNS servers store information about no zones, one zone, or multiple zones. When a DNS server receives a DNS query, it attempts to locate the requested information by retrieving data from its local zones. If this fails because the server is not authoritative for the DNS domain requested and thus does not have the data for the requested domain, the s

Caching-Only Servers

All DNS servers perform caching; whenever they receive information from other servers, they store the information for a certain amount of time. This speeds the performance of DNS resolution, reduces DNS-related query traffic, and improves reliability. For more information, see “Caching and Time to Live” later in this chapter. Certain DNS servers, k

Forwarders and Slaves

When a DNS server receives a query, it attempts to locate the requested information within its local zones and from the cache. If it cannot locate the requested information and is not authoritative for the requested information, it must communicate with other servers to resolve the request. However, in some cases network administrators might not wa

Recursive and Iterative Queries

With a recursive name query, the DNS client requires that the DNS server respond to the client with either the requested resource record or an error message stating that the record or domain name does not exist. The DNS server cannot just refer the DNS client to a different DNS server. Thus, if a DNS server does not have the requested information

Caching and Time to Live

When a server is processing a recursive query, it might be required to send out several queries to find the definitive answer. The server caches all of the information that it receives during this process for a time that is specified in the returned data. This amount of time is referred to as the time to live (TTL) and is specified in seconds. The

Resource Records and Zones

To resolve names, servers consult their zones (also called DNS database files or simply db files). The zones contain resource records (RRs) that make up the resource information associated with the DNS domain. For example, some resource records map friendly names to IP addresses, and others map IP addresses to friendly names. Certain resource reco

Resource Record Format

Resource records have the following syntax: Owner TTL Class Type RDATA Table 5.2 describes each of these fields. Resource records are represented in binary form in packets when lookups and responses are made using DNS. In the database files, however, resource records are represented as text entries. Most resource records are represented as singl

SOA Resource Records

Every zone contains a Start of Authority (SOA) resource record at the beginning of the zone. SOA resource records include the following fields: The Owner, TTL, Class, and Type fields, as described in “Resource Record Format” earlier in this chapter. The authoritative server field shows the primary DNS server authoritative for the zone. The responsi

NS Resource Records

The name server (NS) resource record indicates the servers authoritative for the zone. They indicate primary and secondary servers for the zone specified in the SOA resource record, and they indicate the servers for any delegated zones. Every zone must contain at least one NS record at the zone root. For example, when the administrator on reskit.co

SRV Records

With MX records, you can have multiple mail servers in a DNS domain, and when a mailer needs to send mail to a host in the domain, it can find the location of a mail exchange server. But what about other applications, such as the World Wide Web or telnet? Service (SRV) resource records enable you to specify the location of the servers for a specifi

Forward Lookup Zone

Forward lookup zones contain information needed to resolve names within the DNS domain. They must include SOA and NS records and can include any type of resource record except the PTR resource record. people.cs.rutgers.edu

Inverse Queries

In addition to reverse lookups, some DNS servers support what is known as an inverse query. Just as with a reverse lookup, a client making an inverse query provides the IP address and requests the FQDN. However, the server does not use the in-addr.arpa domain to find the answer, and it does not query any other servers. Instead, it simply checks its

Zone Transfer

When changes are made to the zone on a master server, these changes must be replicated to all the secondary servers for that zone, using a mechanism called zone transfer. In the original DNS specifications, only one form of zone transfer was available, known as full zone transfer. New RFCs discuss an additional type of zone transfer: incremental zo

Full Zone Transfer

In a full zone transfer, defined in the original DNS specifications, the master server for a zone transmits the entire zone database to the secondary server for that zone. Secondary servers initiate full zone transfers using the following process: The secondary server for the zone waits a certain amount of time (specified in the Refresh field of th

Incremental Transfer

Full zone transfers can consume a great deal of network bandwidth, especially for complex DNS configurations. To solve this problem, RFC 1995 specifies an additional standard, incremental zone transfer. With incremental zone transfer, only the modified part of the zone must be transferred. Incremental zone transfer works much the same as full zone

DNS Notify

DNS Notify is a revision to the DNS standard (RFC 1996) that proposes that the master server for a zone notify certain secondary servers in that zone of changes, and the secondary servers can then check to see whether they need to initiate a zone transfer. This process can help improve consistency of zone data among secondary servers. To determine

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