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Unit 1 Subjects INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Is the branch of chemistry that deals with the analysis of substances ( analytes ) present in the sample qualitatively and quantitatively In order to accomplish this analysis we must know the physical and chemical properties of these substances In other words analytical chemistry deals with the separation Identification and determination of su

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Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry NINTH EDITION

Chapter 1 The Nature of Analytical Chemistry 1A The Role of Analytical Chemistry 2 1B Quantitative Analytical Methods 4 ] C A Typical Quantitative Analysis 4 1D An Integral Role for Chemical Analysis: Feedback Control Systems 9 Feature 1-1 1 Deer Kill: A Case Study Illustrating the Use of Analytical Chemistry to Solve a Problem in Toxicology 10

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INTRODUCTORY ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

INTRODUCTORY ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY N T R O D U C T O R Y N A L Y T I C A L H E M I S T R Y CHEM 0250 S G WEBER INSTRUCTOR SYLLABUS OVERVIEW One of the most important questions answered by chemists is “What is the composition of this object and what does its composition imply about function?”

What was the first analytical chemistry?
Chemical reactions that are fast and that tend to reach equilibrium were the basis of the earliest analytical chemistry. Precipitates from solutions to which various reagents were added were used to identify the metals in samples of things like minerals, fertilizers, pigments, alloys, etc.
What are the different types of chemical analysis?
This analysis gives knowledge of the amount of all or some of the substances present in sample and uses two types of analysis depending on the concentration of the substance in the sample, namely classical chemical analysis and instrumental analysis.

Analytical Chemistry:

Is the branch of chemistry that deals with the analysis of substances ( analytes ) present in the sample qualitatively and quantitatively. In order to accomplish this analysis we must know the physical and chemical properties of these substances . In other words analytical chemistry deals with the separation ,Identification and determination of su

Definitions

sample is anything that comes to mind in the air, water, soil, food and living organisms such as a piece of rock or a piece of meat or some water from the tank of the house or from a river or a lack or a sea or some tissue or blood from humans or animals or some vegetables

Types of analysis ( Qualitative Analysis )

Analytical chemistry can be broken down into two general areas of analysis : Qualitative analysis and Quantitative Analysis and each one of these two types can be either classical or instrumental as we will see . Types of analysis ( Qualitative Analysis ) faculty.ksu.edu.sa

Qualitative Classical Analysis:

This analysis detects ( identify ) the type of all or some of the substances present in the sample ( elements or ions or compounds ) . In other words it gives an answer to the question : What substances are present in a sample ? these substances can be detected either by a chemical reaction For example, when you add silver nitrate solution to the s

Qualitative Instrumental Analysis:

Currently there are many instruments that are separate and distinguish substances ( organic or inorganic ) in the sample, such as gas chromatography – mass spectrometry ( GC – MS ) , High performance liquid chromatograophy - mass spectrometry ( HPLC – MS infrared spectra ( ir ) and induced coupled plasma – mass spectrometry ( ICP – MS ) or ICP –

Quantitative Analysis:

This analysis gives knowledge of the amount of all or some of the substances present in sample and uses two types of analysis depending on the concentration of the substance in the sample, namely classical chemical analysis and instrumental analysis. faculty.ksu.edu.sa

Instrumental Analysis :

This type of analysis uses instruments and depends on the physical and physico-chemical properties of the substance being analyzed ( analyte ) such as absorption or emission of electromagnetic radiation (spectroscopic methods of analysis ) or electrical properties of the substance being analyzed such as voltage or current intensity or electrical

Main steps in chemical analysis

The analytical process often begins with a question that is not phrased in terms of a chemical analysis. The question could be "Does lead in petrol enter our food supply?" or "Is this water safe to drink?" or "Does emission testing of automobiles reduce air pollution?" A scientist translates such questions into the need for particular measurements

Goal setting :

We must set the target of the analysis and how to access it at the lowest cost and fastest time while maintaining good precision (the duplicate results are near to each other ) and good accuracy (the mean of the results of the analysis is very close to the real value) . faculty.ksu.edu.sa

Sampling :

the sample is taken from something ( like water or soil or air , etc. ) this sample must represents the average chemical composition of this thing. Main steps in chemical analysis ( Sampling ) The number of samples taken depends on the homogeneity of this thing example homogeneous air ( few samples ) and a liquid such as water is less homogeneo

Drying the sample :

The solid samples usually contain varying amounts of adsorbed water which is a factor can not be controlled therefore we better get rid of it before weighing the sample by drying in the oven and if the analyte is thermally unstable we can use the desicator for drying . VIDEO Soil Sampling faculty.ksu.edu.sa

VIDEO My Channel VIDEO

FUSION Main steps in chemical analysis ( Sample Dissolution ) Organic compounds are soluble in organic solvents but we should choose the solvent which does not interfere in the measurement process . In the case of estimating inorganic elements in organic samples we must get rid of the organic matter by dry burning ( dry ashing ) in the oven o

Storage of Sample Solution :

During the storage , contamination or loss or disintegration must be avoided . The sample solution must also be stored in a container made from an inert material so that the sample does not interact with it and not be adsorbed on the inner walls of the container . The container must be closed tightly to avoid the affect of the air on the chemical

Main steps in chemical analysis ( Eliminating Interferences )

Specific method of analysis or specific Reagent is a special analysis method for a single substance and can not respond to any other substance on other words , there is no interference . Unfortunately these specific reagents or methods of analysis are practically non-existent . All reagent or methods of analysis are either selective ( respond to a

Selecting a method of analysis :

There are many methods of analysis to estimate a particular substance in a sample, and to choose one of them depends on several factors such as : Cost: Some inexpensive methods of analysis , such as volumetric analysis and gravimetric analysis but most of the instrumental methods of analysis are expensive . Availability of equipments and materia

Main steps in chemical analysis ( Selecting a method of analysis )

3-Accuracy and precision needed: Usually the accurate and precise methods of analysis are expensive . Therefore when for example estimating the salt in sea water there is no need to choose an expensive method because a simple mistake will not result in a disaster but if we analyze mercury in sea water we must choose an accurate and precise method

Main steps in chemical analysis ( Selecting a method of analysis )

6- Speed : If the analysis requires the results as soon as we must choose a fast method even if it is at the expense of accuracy and precision . 7- The number of samples to be analyzed : If the number of samples to be analyzed is high we must choose an automatic and fast method of analysis . And to choose a suitable method for analyzing a c

Main steps in chemical analysis ( Measurement )

Measurement : Measure the concentration of analyte in several aliquots. The purpose of replicate measurements (repeated measurements) is to assess the variability (uncertainty) in the analysis and to guard against a gross error in the analysis of a single aliquot. The uncertainty of a measurement is as important as the measurement itself, because

Calculating and evaluating the results :

By knowing the weight of the sample taken for analysis and the amount of analyte in this sample from the results of the analysis, we can calculate the percentage of the analyte in the sample . The results of any chemical analysis must be statistically evaluated otherwise they are not useful . faculty.ksu.edu.sa

Unit 1

In this unit we tried to give a simple definition of analytical chemistry and its significance. Clarify the meaning of sample , analyte and reagent . Demonstrate the difference between the qualitative and quantitative analysis and between classical and instrumental analysis . We briefly discuss the steps of chemical analysis . There are a few bas

INTRODUCTION TO ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: CHAPTER 1 (ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY)

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