enzyme definition


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  • What is enzyme chemistry?

    enzyme, a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. A brief treatment of enzymes follows. For full treatment, see protein: Enzymes.

  • What are enzymes & why are they important?

    Enzymes are biological catalysts (also known as biocatalysts) that speed up biochemical reactions in living organisms, and which can be extracted from cells and then used to catalyse a wide range of commercially important processes.

  • Where did the word 'enzyme' come from?

    The word ‘enzyme’ was first used by the German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne in 1878, when he was describing the ability of yeast to produce alcohol from sugars, and it is derived from the Greek words en (meaning ‘within’) and zume (meaning ‘yeast’).

  • What is enzyme specificity?

    Enzyme specificity is the absolute specificity of protein catalysts to identify and bind to only one or a few molecules. In this process the enzyme carries a defined arrangement of atoms in their active site to bind with the substrate. This active site on the enzyme should have a shape that accurately matches the substrates.

Overview

enzyme, a substance that acts as a catalyst in living organisms, regulating the rate at which chemical reactions proceed without itself being altered in the process. A brief treatment of enzymes follows. For full treatment, see protein: Enzymes. The biological processes that occur within all living organisms are chemical reactions, and most are regulated by enzymes. Without enzymes, many of these reactions would not take place at a perceptible rate. Enzymes catalyze all aspects of cell metabolism. This includes the digestion of food, in which large nutrient molecules (such as proteins, carbohydrates, and fats) are broken down into smaller molecules; the conservation and transformation of chemical energy; and the construction of cellular macromolecules from smaller precursors. Many inherited human diseases, such as albinism and phenylketonuria, result from a deficiency of a particular enzyme. Enzymes also have valuable industrial and medical applications. The fermenting of wine, leavening of bread, curdling of cheese, and brewing of beer have been practiced from earliest times, but not until the 19th century were these reactions understood to be the result of the catalytic activity of enzymes. Since then, enzymes have assumed an increasing importance in industrial processes that involve organic chemical reactions. The uses of enzymes in medicine include killing disease-causing microorganisms, promoting wound healing, and diagnosing certain diseases. britannica.com

Chemical nature

All enzymes were once thought to be proteins, but since the 1980s the catalytic ability of certain nucleic acids, called ribozymes (or catalytic RNAs), has been demonstrated, refuting this axiom. Because so little is yet known about the enzymatic functioning of RNA, this discussion will focus primarily on protein enzymes. A large protein enzyme molecule is composed of one or more amino acid chains called polypeptide chains. The amino acid sequence determines the characteristic folding patterns of the protein’s structure, which is essential to enzyme specificity. If the enzyme is subjected to changes, such as fluctuations in temperature or pH, the protein structure may lose its integrity (denature) and its enzymatic ability. Denaturation is sometimes, but not always, reversible. Are you a student? Get Britannica Premium for only $24.95 - a 67% discount Subscribe Now britannica.com

Nomenclature

An enzyme will interact with only one type of substance or group of substances, called the substrate, to catalyze a certain kind of reaction. Because of this specificity, enzymes often have been named by adding the suffix “-ase” to the substrate’s name (as in urease, which catalyzes the breakdown of urea). Not all enzymes have been named in this ma

Mechanism of enzyme action

In most chemical reactions, an energy barrier exists that must be overcome for the reaction to occur. This barrier prevents complex molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids from spontaneously degrading, and so is necessary for the preservation of life. When metabolic changes are required in a cell, however, certain of these complex molecules must be broken down, and this energy barrier must be surmounted. Heat could provide the additional needed energy (called activation energy), but the rise in temperature would kill the cell. The alternative is to lower the activation energy level through the use of a catalyst. This is the role that enzymes play. They react with the substrate to form an intermediate complex—a “transition state”—that requires less energy for the reaction to proceed. The unstable intermediate compound quickly breaks down to form reaction products, and the unchanged enzyme is free to react with other substrate molecules. Only a certain region of the enzyme, called the active site, binds to the substrate. The active site is a groove or pocket formed by the folding pattern of the protein. This three-dimensional structure, together with the chemical and electrical properties of the amino acids and cofactors within the active site, permits only a particular substrate to bind to the site, thus determining the enzyme’s specificity. britannica.com

Six types of enzymes  Chemical Processes  MCAT  Khan Academy

Six types of enzymes Chemical Processes MCAT Khan Academy

GCSE Biology

GCSE Biology

( Enzymes Biochemistry Session 1) Nature of enzymes

( Enzymes Biochemistry Session 1) Nature of enzymes

Les enzymes sont des catalyseurs, c'est-à-dire qu'en agissant à des concentrations très petites, elles augmentent la vitesse des réactions chimiques, sans en modifier le résultat.
  • Quelle est l'enzyme ?

    Les enzymes sont des protéines (ou parfois des acides ribonucléiques) dont le rôle est de catalyser les réactions chimiques du vivant. Comme tout catalyseur, une enzyme permet d'augmenter la vitesse d'un processus sans être consommée, donc sans apparaître dans le bilan réactionnel.
  • Quelle sont les types enzymes ?

    Il existe six grandes catégories d'enzymes : les oxydoréductases, les transférases, les hydrolases, les lyases, les isomérases et les ligases. Chaque catégorie effectue un type de réaction, mais catalyse de nombreuses réactions spécifiques différentes au sein de sa propre catégorie.
  • Quels sont les 6 classes d'enzymes ?

    Classe 1, les oxydoréductases. Réactions redox. Classe 2, les transférases. Classe 3, les hydrolases. Classe 5, les isomérases. Classe 6, les ligases. Class7, les translocases. Un dernier exemple pour les chicailleurs ou les insomniaques.
  • Les enzymes digestives aident à dégrader les aliments. Il existe différentes enzymes digestives qui ont chacune un rôle. Les enzymes des glandes salivaires sécrètent des amylases transformant l'amidon en maltose. L'amylase pancréatique transforme l'amidon en maltose.29 sept. 2020
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What are five main characteristics of enzymes?

  • Speed up chemical reactions.
  • They are required in minute amounts.
  • They are highly specific in their action.
  • They are affected by temperature.
  • They are affected by pH.
  • Some catalyze reversible reactions.
  • Some require coenzymes.
  • They are inhibited by inhibitors.

What is the general function of an enzyme?

  • Oxidoreductases: These enzymes bring about oxidation and reduction reactions and hence are called oxidoreductases.
  • Transferases: These enzymes are responsible for transferring functional groups from one molecule to another.
  • Hydrolases: These enzymes catalyze reactions that involve the process of hydrolysis
    .They break single bonds by adding water.

What is the basic role of enzymes?

  • - Oxidoreductases catalyze oxidation reactions in which electrons travel from one molecule to another. - Transferases catalyze the transportation of a functional group from one molecule to another. - Hydrolase enzymes catalyze hydrolysis, where single bonds are broken down upon exposure to water.

What does the word enzyme mean?

  • enzyme noun A protein produced by a living organism, capable of catalyzing a chemical reaction.
    . Almost all processes in living organisms require some form of enzyme to cause the reactions to occur at a rate sufficient to support life.










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