notes of chemistry chapter 2
What are revision notes for chemistry?
Revision Notes offer detailed and relevant information of Chapter 2 of Chemistry for the students of Class 12. They can find important information in the Revision Notes. All answers are easy to understand. Students can understand the concepts easily. They can solve similar questions easily after studying Revision Notes for Chemistry.
What is the difference between Chapter 2 chemistry class 12 notes?
The Solution chapter covers many formulas that must be on tips to solve any numerical problem without wasting time. Chapter 2 chemistry Class 12 notes is a separate section where all the formulas to be covered in the chapter are mentioned in one place. Thus this free PDF for notes will also help students to score well in their exams.
How to clear doubts in Class 12 chemistry Chapter 2?
Students who have doubts in Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 can refer to the Chemistry notes available o n Vedantu. Students can clear their doubts after studying the Chemistry notes because they are made in simple and effective language. Students can clearly understand the basic concepts about Class 12 Chemistry Chapter 2 and score good marks.
What is a major emphasis of modern chemistry?
Consequently, a major emphasis of modern chemistry focuses on understanding the relationship between the structures and properties of chemical compounds. Each element is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
Introduction to Acids, Bases and Salts
A substance that tastes sour in water, turns blue litmus red, and neutralises the bases is known as an acid. If a substance’s aqueous solution tastes bitter, turns red litmus blue, or neutralises acids, it’s called a base. Salt is a neutral material that has no effect on litmus in an aqueous solution. byjus.com
What Is An Acid and A Base?
Ionisable and Non-Ionisable Compounds An ionisable compound, when dissolved in water or in its molten state, dissociates into ions almost entirely. Examples: NaCl, HCl, KOH, etc. A non-ionisable compound does not dissociate into ions when dissolved in water or in its molten state. Examples: glucose, acetone, etc. Acids and Bases An acid is any hydrogen-containing substance that is capable of donating a proton (hydrogen ion) to another substance. A base is a molecule or ion able to accept a hydrogen ion from an acid. Acidic substances are usually identified by their sour taste. Arrhenius’ Theory of Acids and Bases Arrhenius acid – when dissolved in water, dissociates to give H+ (aq) or H3O+ ion. Arrhenius base – when dissolved in water, dissociates to give OH−ion. byjus.com
Acid-Base Reactions
A neutralisation reaction occurs when an acid reacts with a base. Salt and water are the end products of this reaction. An acid–base neutralisation reaction is formulated as a double-replacement reaction in this standard approach. byjus.com
Reactions of Acids and Bases
a) Reaction of acids and bases with metals Acids, in general, react with metals to produce salt and hydrogen gas. Bases, in general, do not react with metals and do not produce hydrogen gas. Acid + active metal → salt + hydrogen + heat 2HCl + Mg → MgCl2 + H2(↑) Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium → Magnesium chloride + Hydrogen Base + metal → salt + hydrogen + heat 2NaOH + Zn → Na2ZnO2 + H2(↑) Sodium hydroxide + Zinc → Sodium zincate + Hydrogen A more reactive metal displaces the less reactive metal from its base. 2Na + Mg (OH)2 → 2NaOH + M
Water
Acids and Bases in Water When added to water, acids and bases dissociate into their respective ions and help in conducting electricity. Difference between a Base and an Alkali Base: 1. Bases undergo a neutralisation reaction with acids. 2. They are comprised of metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal carbonates and metal bicarbonates. 3. Most of them are insoluble in water. Alkali: 1. An alkali is an aqueous solution of a base, (mainly metallic hydroxides). 2. It dissolves in water and dissociates to give OH−ion. 3. All alkalis are bases, but not all bases are alkalis. To know more Difference between a base and an alkali, visit here. Hydronium Ion Hydronium ion is formed when a hydrogen ion accepts a lone pair of electrons from the oxygen atom of a water molecule, forming a coordinate covalent bond. byjus.com
Manufacture of Acids and Bases
Manufacture of acids and bases a) Nonmetal oxide + water → acid SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq) SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) 4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l) + O2(g) → 4HNO3(aq) Non-metal oxides are thus referred to as acid anhydrides. b) Hydrogen + halogen → acid H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) HCl(g) + H2O(l) → HCl(aq) c) Metallic salt + conc. sulphuric acid → salt + more volatile acid 2NaCl(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2KNO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) d) Metal + oxygen → metallic oxide (base) 4Na(s) + O2(g) → 2Na2O(s) 2Mg(
Salts
Salts Salt is a combination of an anion of an acid and a cation of a base. Examples – KCl, NaNO3 , CaSO4, etc. Salts are usually prepared by the neutralisation reaction of an acid and a base. Common Salt Sodium Chloride (NaCl) is referred to as common salt because it’s used all over the world for cooking. Family of Salts Salts having the same cation or anion belong to the same family. For example, NaCl, KCl, LiCl. byjus.com
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