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PDF Object-Oriented Programming With ANSI-C

Data types are an integral part of every programming language ANSI-C has int double and char to name just a few Programmers are rarely content with what’s available and a programming language normally provides facilities to build new data types from those that are predefined A simple approach is to form aggregates such as arrays structures or

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PDF The C programming Language

Standards Institute (ANSI) established a committee whose goal was to produce ``an unambiguous and machine−independent definition of the language C\'\' while still retaining its spirit The result is the ANSI standard for C The standard formalizes constructions that were hinted but not described in the first edition particularly

  • What is ANSI-C programming?

    Our style of object-oriented programming with ANSI-C relies on some of the extensions. As an aid to classic C programmers, this appendix explains those innovations in ANSI-C which are important for this book. The appendix is certainly not a definition of the ANSI-C programming language. ANSI-C specifies that names can have almost arbitrary length.

  • What arithmetic operators can be used in C?

    C provides operators for standard arithmetic operations: addition, subtraction, multiplica-tion, and division, along with modular division and negation. Usage of these operators is straightforward; here are some examples: /* Addition. */ /* Subtraction. */ You can add and subtract memory pointers, but you cannot multiply or divide them.

  • What is the ANSI standard for C?

    The result is the ANSI standard for C. The standard formalizes constructions that were hinted but not described in the first edition, particularly structure assignment and enumerations. It provides a new form of function declaration that permits cross−checking of definition with use.

1.1 Data Types

Data types are an integral part of every programming language. ANSI-C has int, double and char to name just a few. Programmers are rarely content with what’s available and a programming language normally provides facilities to build new data types from those that are predefined. A simple approach is to form aggregates such as arrays, structures, or

1.2 Abstract Data Types

We call a data type abstract, if we do not reveal its representation to the user. At a theoretical level this requires us to specify the properties of the data type by mathematical axioms involving the possible operations. For example, we can remove an element from a queue only as often as we have added one previously, and we retrieve the elements

1.3 An Example — Set

So how do we implement an abstract data type? As an example we consider a set of elements with the operations add, find, and drop.* They all apply to a set and an element and return the element added to, found in, or removed from a set. find can be used to implement a condition contains which tells us whether an element is already contained in a se

1.4 Memory Management

We may have overlooked something: how does one obtain a set? Set is a pointer, not a type defined by typedef; therefore, we cannot define local or global variables of type Set. Instead, we are only going to use pointers to refer to sets and ele-ments, and we declare source and sink of all data items in new.h: void * new (const void * type,

1.5 Object

If we want to collect anything interesting in a set, we need another abstract data type Object described by the header file Object.h: extern const void * Object; /* new(Object); */ int differ (const void * a, const void * b); differ() can compare objects: it returns true if they are not equal and false if they are. This description leaves room for

1.6 An Application

With the header files, i.e., the definitions of the abstract data types, in place we can write an application main.c: #include #include "new.h" #include "Object.h" #include "Set.h" int main () { void * s = new(Set); void * a = add(s, new(Object)); void * b = add(s, new(Object)); void * c = new(Object); if (contains(s, a) && contains(s, b)

1.8 Another Implementation — Bag

Without changing the visible interface in Set.h we can change the implementation. This time we use dynamic memory and represent sets and objects as structures: struct Set { unsigned count; }; struct Object { unsigned count; struct Set * in; }; count keeps track of the number of elements in a set. For an element, count records how many times this el

new()

const void * Set = & _Set; const void * Object = & _Object; is now much simpler: void * new (const void * type,

find()

} still checks, if the element points to the appropriate set: void * find (const void * _set, const void * _element) { const struct Object * element = _element; assert(_set); assert(element); return element —> in == _set ? (void *) element : 0; } contains() is based on find() and remains unchanged. If drop() finds its element in the set, it decreme

1.9 Summary

For an abstract data type we completely hide all implementation details, such as the representation of data items, from the application code. The application code can only access a header file where a descriptor pointer represents the data type and where operations on the data type are declared as functions accepting and returning generic pointers

1.10 Exercises

If an object can belong to several sets simultaneously, we need a different representation for sets. If we continue to represent objects as small unique integer values, and if we put a ceiling on the number of objects available, we can represent a set as a bitmap stored in a long character string, where a bit selected by the object value is set or

2.1 Constructors and Destructors

Let us implement a simple string data type which we will later include into a set. For a new string we allocate a dynamic buffer to hold the text. When the string is deleted, we will have to reclaim the buffer. new() is responsible for creating an object and delete() must reclaim the resources it owns. new() knows what kind of object it is creating

new()

} must be implemented very carefully but it works similarly: void * new (const void * _class,

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