bca 1st year c programming notes pdf

BCA 1st Year C Programming

BCA 1st Year C Programming course introduces students to the fundamentals of the C programming language, covering syntax, data types, control structures, functions, and more.

Examples

1. Hello World Program:
```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { printf("Hello, World!\n"); return 0; } ```

2. Calculate Sum of Two Numbers:
```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num1 = 5, num2 = 10, sum; sum = num1 + num2; printf("Sum of %d and %d is %d\n", num1, num2, sum); return 0; } ```

3. Display Even Numbers:
```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int i; printf("Even numbers between 1 to 10:\n"); for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { if (i % 2 == 0) { printf("%d\n", i); } } return 0; } ```

4. Find Factorial of a Number:
```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n = 5, factorial = 1, i; for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) { factorial *= i; } printf("Factorial of %d is %d\n", n, factorial); return 0; } ```

5. Calculate Average of Numbers:
```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n = 5, sum = 0, i; float average; int arr[] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}; for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { sum += arr[i]; } average = (float)sum / n; printf("Average: %.2f\n", average); return 0; } ```

Exercises

1. Write a C program to swap two numbers without using a temporary variable.
   Solution: ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int a = 5, b = 10; printf("Before swapping: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); a = a + b; b = a - b; a = a - b; printf("After swapping: a = %d, b = %d\n", a, b); return 0; } ```
2. Write a C program to find the largest element in an array.
   Solution: ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int arr[] = {5, 10, 3, 8, 15}; int n = sizeof(arr) / sizeof(arr[0]); int max = arr[0]; for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) { if (arr[i] > max) { max = arr[i]; } } printf("Largest element: %d\n", max); return 0; } ```
3. Write a C program to check whether a number is prime or not.
   Solution: ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int num = 7, flag = 0; for (int i = 2; i <= num / 2; i++) { if (num % i == 0) { flag = 1; break; } } if (flag == 0) { printf("%d is a prime number\n", num); } else { printf("%d is not a prime number\n", num); } return 0; } ```
4. Write a C program to print the Fibonacci series up to a given number.
   Solution: ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int n = 10, t1 = 0, t2 = 1, nextTerm; printf("Fibonacci Series: "); for (int i = 1; i <= n; ++i) { printf("%d, ", t1); nextTerm = t1 + t2; t1 = t2; t2 = nextTerm; } return 0; } ```
5. Write a C program to count the total number of words in a string.
   Solution: ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { char str[] = "Hello, how are you?"; int words = 1; for (int i = 0; str[i] != '\0'; i++) { if (str[i] == ' ' && str[i+1] != ' ') { words++; } } printf("Total words: %d\n", words); return 0; } ```

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which symbol is used to indicate a single line comment in C programming?
   a) //
   b) #
   c) /* */
   Correct Answer: a) //
2. What is the size of the 'int' data type in C programming?
   a) 2 bytes
   b) 4 bytes
   c) 8 bytes
   Correct Answer: b) 4 bytes
3. Which function is used to input data from the user in C programming?
   a) printf()
   b) scanf()
   c) gets()
   Correct Answer: b) scanf()
4. What will be the output of the following code snippet?
   ```c #include <stdio.h> int main() { int x = 5, y = 10, z; z = x++ + ++y; printf("%d\n", z); return 0; } ```
   a) 16
   b) 15
   c) 14
   Correct Answer: c) 14
5. Which of the following is not a valid variable name in C programming?
   a) my_variable
   b) 123_variable
   c) _variable
   Correct Answer: b) 123_variable

Related Questions

1. What are some common mistakes made by beginners in C programming?
   Answer: Common mistakes include forgetting to terminate statements with a semicolon, using undeclared variables, and improper memory management.
2. How can understanding pointers improve C programming skills?
   Answer: Pointers allow direct memory manipulation and enable advanced data structures and dynamic memory allocation, enhancing the capabilities and efficiency of C programs.
3. What are the differences between 'while' and 'do-while' loops in C?
   Answer: 'while' loop checks the condition before executing the loop body, while 'do-while' loop executes the loop body at least once before checking the condition.
4. How does C programming language compare to other programming languages such as Java and Python?
   Answer: C is a low-level programming language that offers greater control over hardware resources compared to higher-level languages like Java and Python, which prioritize ease of use and platform independence.
5. What are some real-world applications of C programming?
   Answer: C is widely used in operating systems, embedded systems, device drivers, game development, and system utilities.

Case Studies

1. Case Study 1: Analyze the performance of different sorting algorithms (e.g., bubble sort, insertion sort, quick sort) in C programming.
2. Case Study 2: Implement a simple calculator program in C using functions to perform arithmetic operations.
3. Case Study 3: Develop a basic text-based game in C programming, demonstrating the use of conditional statements and loops.
4. Case Study 4: Create a file handling application in C to read from and write to text files, showcasing file I/O operations.
5. Case Study 5: Design a student management system in C with functionalities for adding, updating, and deleting student records.

Notes

1. C is a powerful and widely-used programming language known for its efficiency and versatility.
2. Understanding data types, control structures, and functions is crucial for mastering C programming concepts.
3. Memory management and pointer manipulation are fundamental aspects of C programming, requiring careful attention to prevent errors.
4. Practice and experimentation are essential for honing programming skills and tackling complex problems efficiently.
5. Regularly reviewing code examples, completing exercises, and seeking assistance from peers or instructors can accelerate learning and proficiency in C programming.