sudan i
|
A HISTORY OF MODERN SUDAN
1 1 The making of modern Sudan: the nineteenth century 10 The Turkiya 1821–1885 10 The Mahdiya 1885–1898 21 2 The Anglo-Egyptian Condominium 33 Consolidation and reaction 1899–1936 33 Contents Nationalism and independence 1936–1956 46 |
|
Sudan Complex Emergency
Jan 17 2024 · Sudan between April 15 2023 and early December 2023 HEALTH USAID/BHA and State/PRM support IOM the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) UNICEF the UN Population Fund (UNFPA) WHO and NGO partners to deliver life-saving health care across Sudan including through the use of mobile clinics to access hard-to-reach areas |
|
SUDAN: FroM CoNFLICT To CoNFLICT
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North |
|
Sudan’s Crisis and the Implications for Its Neighbours
Sudan plunged into violence on 15 April 2023 after an armed conflict erupted all over the country but mainly in the capital Khartoum and the Darfur region The clashes are the result of a power struggle between the Sudanese army and the paramilitary group known as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) which was created by former president Omar al |
|
The Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan
On 3 October 2020 Sudan’s Transitional Government and representatives of several armed groups signed the ‘Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan’ (hereinafter ‘Juba Agreement’) This Summary and Analysis paper discusses the Agreement’s main elements with a particular focus on the main ways in which it impacts the |
|
War in Sudan 15 April 2023: Background Analysis and Scenarios
Apr 15 2023 · South Sudan the country went through continuous violent conflicts civil wars unstable political regimes and an alternation of military coups and short-lived multiparty democracies |
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
Contents
Summary Introduction Roots of Tension Return to Conflict Two Countries, One Revenue Source The North’s “New South”: Border Conflicts Between Sudan and South Sudan South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North carnegieendowment.org
CHAD
El Genaina WEST DARFUR NORTH DARFUR Al Fashir SOUTH DARFUR Nyala carnegieendowment.org
NUBIAN DESERT
NORTHERN Port Sudan Dongola RED SEA MEROWE DAM El Damar RIVER NILE KASSALA NORTH KORDOFAN KHARTOUM carnegieendowment.org
KHARTOUM
Kassala AL-JAZIRAH AL-QADARIF Gedaref Sinja El Obeid Rabak WHITE NILE SENNAR ROSEIRES DAM Damazin carnegieendowment.org
MOUNTAINS
KORDOFAN Kaduqli BLUE NILE UPPER Heglig NILE Abyei Malakal Aweil Bentiu UNITY Mayendit JONGLEI WARAB carnegieendowment.org
DEM. REP. OF THE CONGO
Uror Akobo Rumbek LAKES Bor Pibor WEST EQUATORIA Yambio carnegieendowment.org
Acronyms
CPA—Comprehensive Peace Agreement: signed in 2005 by the SPLM/A and the government of Sudan JEM—Justice and Equality Movement: a Darfur-based rebel group NCP—National Congress Party: the North’s ruling political party SAF—Sudanese Armed Forces: the North’s military force SLM/A—Sudan Liberation Movement/Army: a Darfur-based rebel group SPLM/A—Sudan
Roots of Tension
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated. And the Sout
Return to Conflict
Four types of conflict afflict the two Sudans today. First is the North-South conflict over oil. It is fueled by the North’s bitterness about the secession of the South, the loss of territory and oil revenue, and the diminished position to which it finds itself relegated as a result. Although the North has officially accepted the secession, it does
Border Demarcation
The potential for conflict created by the uncertainties surrounding the exact demarcation of the North-South border was recognized early on in the nego-tiations leading to the CPA. As a result, the CPA included a stipulation that a North-South Technical Border Commission should complete the demarca-tion of the boundary within six months of the sign
South Sudan: Building a State from Scratch
Despite the common goal of independence, the South Sudanese opposition was never well unified. The country’s diverse population is dispersed over a large territory and further divided by poor communications, making it dificult to develop a truly common identity except in opposition to the North. The death of John Garang only months after the signin
Instability and Dissatisfaction in the North
The Republic of Sudan is as troubled as the South. In addition to the growing conflict with the South, it faces a host of other problems around its periphery, above all in Darfur and in the Eastern Province, particularly among the Beja people. Additionally, it faces serious political problems at the core: Omar al-Bashir has presided over the disman
Conclusion
The state of war between North and South Sudan, the inability of the two sides to resolve the oil transit issue, and the incapacity of both states to bring security to their own territories are a sad outcome of years of negotiations, mediation, and agreements that sought to help Sudan, whether as a single or divided entity, find a degree of stabili
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace
The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace is a private, nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing cooperation between nations and pro moting active international engagement by the United States. Founded in 1910, its work is nonpartisan and dedicated to achieving practical results. Carnegie is pioneering the first global think tank, with fl
|
De lAgence française de sécurité sanitaire des aliments relatif l
Considérant que le sudan I est un colorant non autorisé par l'arrêté du 2 octobre 1997 relatif aux additifs pouvant être employés dans la fabrication des |
|
Extraction Method and Determination of Sudan I Present in Sunset
A method to extract and analyze Sudan I present in Sunset Yellow FCF (SYF) products was developed and validated. The method included the simple extraction |
|
Dyes Sudan I to IV in food
19 nov. 2003 BfR has assessed the health risk from spices and foods containing the dyes Sudan I-IV. The Institute came to the conclusion that Sudan dyes ... |
|
Sudan I Is a Potential Carcinogen for Humans: Evidence for Its
15 oct. 2002 CYP1A1 are the most efficient enzymes metabolizing Sudan I. Microsomes ... on the metabolism of Sudan I by human CYP enzymes ... |
|
Detection of Sudan I in Foods by a MOF?5/MWCNT Modified Electrode
9 sept. 2020 Here we developed a sensitive electrochemical method for detection of Sudan I using MOF-5 decorated Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MOF-5/MWCNTs) ... |
|
A Simple fluorimetric method to determine Sudan I dye in spices
A simple method was developed to determine Sudan I a banned food dye |
|
1 Good Afternoon Colleagues and greetings from South Sudan. I
My name is Arafat Jamal RC/HC ai for South Sudan and representative of UNHCR. Regarding the country context |
|
Flow Injection Chemiluminescence Determination of Sudan I in Hot
A chemiluminescence method based on the luminol-H2O2 system with flow injection technology was proposed for the determination of sudan I in hot chilli sauce |
|
Spectrophotometric Determination of Sudan I-IV Dyes in Selected
Sudan dyes are a family of lipophilic azo dyes extensively used in industrial and scientific applications but banned for use as food colorants due to their |
|
ILLEGAL DYES
Sudan I - red dye used for colouring solvents oils |
|
SUDAN: FroM CoNFLICT To CoNFLICT - Carnegie Endowment for
SPLM—Sudan People’s Liberation Movement: the independent South’s rul-ing political party SPLM-N—Sudan People’s Liberation Movement-North: a separatist move-ment and political party based in northern Sudan primarily in the Blue Nile and South Kordofan States SSDM/A—South Sudan Democratic Movement/Army: a prominent insur- |
|
A HISTORY OF MODERN SUDAN - Cambridge
A HISTORY OF MODERN SUDAN Sudan’s modern history has been consumed by revolution and civil war The country attracted international attention in the 1990sasa breeding ground of Islamist terrorism and recently tensions between the prosperous center and the periphery between the North and the South have exploded in Darfur |
|
Searches related to sudan i PDF
On 3 October 2020 Sudan’s Transitional Government and representatives of several armed groups signed the ‘Juba Agreement for Peace in Sudan’ (hereinafter ‘Juba Agreement’) This Summary and Analysis paper discusses the Agreement’s main elements with a particular focus on the main ways in which it impacts the |
What is Sudan I?
Prashant K. Sharma, in Nanobiosensors, 2017 Sudan I is an industrial dye used to color oils, waxes, and polishes. But sometimes it is also added to foodstuffs and cosmetics for the color enhancement. Sudan I is classified as a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.
When did Sudan become independent?
Not surprisingly, when Sudan became independent in 1956 and the barrier between the two areas was lifted, the South found itself in an extremely disadvantaged position. It was not long before it started agitating for a new status. Conflict in Sudan was never a simple bilateral affair between North and South.
What was Sudan like before the French colonial era?
Since the days of the Anglo-Egyptian condominium, Sudan had been offi-cially divided into two areas: the North and the South. The North, predomi-nantly Arab and Muslim, constituted what French colonial authorities called the “useful country,” where whatever resources were available and whatever development took place were concentrated.
Is Sudan I carcinogenic?
But sometimes it is also added to foodstuffs and cosmetics for the color enhancement. Sudan I is classified as a carcinogenic and mutagenic compound by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. In the year of 2003, a French lab detected for the first time Sudan I in chilli products imported from India.
| Most Interesting Facts about Sudan - OnHisOwnTrip |
| SUDAN NATIONAL REPORT - United Nations |
| SIX IMPORTANT ISSUES FOR SUDAN AND ITS FUTURE |
| Searches related to sudan i filetype:pdf |
|
Sudan - OHCHR
Port Sudan Khartoum Suakin Tullus Abu Zabad En Nahud Umm Badr Omdurman Atbara Tokar Abu Hamed Ed Da'ein Wadi Halfa Merowe Kosti Al Fula |
|
SUDAN NATIONAL REPORT - the United Nations
IMPLEMENTATION OF ISTANBOUL PLAN OF ACTION FOR LEAST DEVELOPED COUNTRIES (IPoA) 2011-2020 SUDAN NATIONAL REPORT Khartoum |
|
Sudan - African Economic Outlook - African Development Bank
According to this document, GDP growth declined from 5 in 2010 to 2 8 in 2011 due to the secession of South Sudan reducing the population by about 20 |
|
Sudanese Cultural Heritage Sites - UNDP
Sudanese Cultural Heritage Sites Sudan was known to the ancient world a Ta- sety, 'the land of Bow', and Kush, both names given by the ancient Egyptians |
|
SUDAN COUNTRY PROFILE - ILO
SUDAN COUNTRY PROFILE March 2004 Employment of People with Disabilities: The Impact of Legislation (East Africa) Prepared by the ILO InFocus |
|
Skills Development in Sudan - ILO
Skills Development in Sudan The Formal and the Informal Reality Thematic/ Policy Paper Prepared by Ibrahim Khalid Ibrahim Abdel Moneim Hussein |
|
Government of Sudan - Food and Agriculture Organization of the
As a result Sudan's natural resources have been neglected seriously degraded by destructive agricultural activities and tree cutting for charcoal firewood |
|
Evaluation of Conflict Prevention Pools, Sudan - OECD
Sudan and the SPLM/SPLA on Resumption of Negotiations on Peace in Sudan', signed between the Parties and the Special Envoy Lt Gen Lazaro Sumbeiywo on |
|
Sudan - UNFCCC
supporting Sudan ongoing efforts to adaptto climate change It is my great pleasure to present Sudan's National Adaptation Plan in response to the 2010 |
|
Strategy for Swedens development cooperation with Sudan 2018
Sudan is one of the world's poorest countries, in which around half the population lives below the international poverty line of less than USD 1 90 per day |
![PDF] South Sudan's Civil War: Violence Insurgency and Failed](https://unmis.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/styles/full_width_image/public/field/image/sudan.png?itok\u003dX014xBXt "PDF] South Sudan's Civil War: Violence Insurgency and Failed")
![Vintage Lenses on Twitter: \](https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/37909886/mini_magick20190227-5152-cvmbd8.png?1551296774 "Vintage Lenses on Twitter: \")
