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EURIPIDE
Euripide évacuant les dieux comme instruments de la fatalité elle est à la source de ses actes c’est d’elle-même qu’elle exerce des ravages sur elle-même et sur ceux qui l’entourent en accomplissant sa propre nature celle d’une créature aux émotions débridées tout en doutant en hésitant |
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Les biographies anciennes dEuripide
mère d'Euripide (probablement par des arguments indirects comme la présence d'Euripide aux fêtes d'Apollon Délien rapportée par Théophraste) Seul avec Nicolas de Damas il a conservé la tradition d'un exil des parents et d'un rapport avec la Béotie L'histoire de la mort tragique d'Euripide en Macédoine se trouve partout |
Quelle est la vie d’Euripide ?
480 av. J.-C. (env.) - 406 av. J.-C. (env.) Il nous est parvenu peu de textes concernant la vie d’Euripide. Les éléments biographiques sont parfois extraits de poésies satiriques dont Euripide était la cible, ou bien de sources peu fiables, où
Quelle est la signification de l’œuvre d’Euripide ?
Animée par le mépris de la religion olympienne au bénéfice de la religion dionysiaque, l’oeuvre traduit un authentique mysticisme et est riche de lyrisme et de tension dramatique. Elle fut représentée pour la première fois à Dion, à Dion, cité au pied de l’Olympe, en 405, après la mort d’Euripide, par les soins de son fils, Euripide le Jeune.
Quelle est la vision du monde de Euripide ?
Dernier des grands Tragiques, héritier d'Eschyle et contemporain, donc rival, de Sophocle, Euripide nous a laissé une œuvre dramatique tout en contrastes : en rapprochant la tragédie du réel, en mêlant tonalités et registres, il nous propose une vision du monde où « le désordre est grand chez les dieux comme chez les hommes.
Où vit Euripide ?
Ayant fini par se détacher d’Athènes, Euripide passa les dernières années de sa vie à Pella, à la cour du roi de Macédoine, Archéalos, où il mourut vers 406. Alors qu’Eschyle et Sophocle étaient ses contemporains, il créa des tragédies différentes des leurs.
Overview
Euripides (born c. 484 bc, Athens [Greece]—died 406, Macedonia) last of classical Athens’s three great tragic dramatists, following Aeschylus and Sophocles. britannica.com
Life and career
It is possible to reconstruct only the sketchiest biography of Euripides. His mother’s name was Cleito; his father’s name was Mnesarchus or Mnesarchides. One tradition states that his mother was a greengrocer who sold herbs in the marketplace. Aristophanes joked about this in comedy after comedy; but there is better indirect evidence that Euripides came of a well-off family. Euripides first received the honour of being chosen to compete in the dramatic festival in 455, and he won his first victory in 441. Euripides left Athens for good in 408, accepting an invitation from Archelaus, king of Macedonia. He died in Macedonia in 406. Euripides’ only known public activity was his service on a diplomatic mission to Syracuse in Sicily. He was passionately interested in ideas, however, and owned a large library. He is said to have associated with Protagoras, Anaxagoras, and other Sophists and philosopher-scientists. His acquaintance with new ideas brought him restlessness rather than conviction, however, and his questioning attitude toward traditional Greek religion is reflected in some of his plays. Of Euripides’ private life, little can be said. Later tradition invented for him a spectacularly disastrous married life. It is known that he had a wife called Melito and produced three sons. One of these was something of a poet and produced the Bacchants after his father’s death. He may also have completed his father’s unfinished play Iphigenia at Aulis. The ancients knew of 92 plays composed by Euripides. Nineteen plays are extant, if one of disputed authorship is included. At only four festivals was Euripides awarded the first prize—the fourth posthumously, for the tetralogy that included Bacchants and Iphigenia at Aulis. As Sophocles won perhaps as many as 24 victories, it is clear that Euripides was comparatively unsuccessful. More to the point is that on more than 20 occasions Euripides was chosen, out of all contestants, to be one of the three laureates of the year. Furthermore, the regularity with which Aristophanes parodied him is proof enough that Euripides’ work commanded attention. It is often said that disappointment at his plays’ reception in Athens was one of the reasons for his leaving his native city in his old age; but there are other reasons why an old poet might have left Athens in the 23rd year of the Peloponnesian War. Britannica Quiz britannica.com
Dramatic and literary achievements
Euripides’ plays exhibit his iconoclastic, rationalizing attitude toward both religious belief and the ancient legends and myths that formed the traditional subject matter for Greek drama. These legends seem to have been for him a mere collection of stories without any particular authority. He also apparently rejected the gods of Homeric theology, whom he frequently depicts as irrational, petulant, and singularly uninterested in meting out “divine justice.” That the gods are so often presented on the stage by Euripides is partly due to their convenience as a source of information that could not otherwise be made available to the audience. Given this attitude of sophisticated doubt on his part, Euripides invents protagonists who are quite different from the larger-than-life characters drawn with such conviction by Aeschylus and Sophocles. They are, for the most part, commonplace, down-to-earth men and women who have all the flaws and vulnerabilities ordinarily associated with human beings. Furthermore, Euripides makes his characters express the doubts, the problems and controversies, and in general the ideas and feelings of his own time. They sometimes even take time off from the dramatic action to debate each other on matters of current philosophical or social interest. Are you a student? Get Britannica Premium for only $24.95 - a 67% discount Subscribe Now Euripides differed from Aeschylus and Sophocles in making his characters’ tragic fates stem almost entirely from their own flawed natures and uncontrolled passions. Chance, disorder, and human irrationality and immorality frequently result not in an eventual reconciliation or moral resolution but in apparently meaningless suffering that is looked upon with indifference by the gods. The power of this type of drama lies in the frightening and ghastly situations it creates and in the melodramatic, even sensational, emotional effects of its characters’ tragic crises. Given this strong strain of psychological realism, Euripides shows moments of brilliant insight into his characters, especially in scenes of love and madness. His depictions of women deserve particular attention; it is easy to extract from his plays a long list of heroines who are fierce, treacherous, or adulterous, or all three at once. Misogyny is altogether too simple an explanation here, although Euripides’ reputation in his own day was that of a woman hater, and a play by Aristophanes, Women at the Thesmophoria, comically depicts the indignation of the Athenian women at their portrayal by Euripides. britannica.com
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Key Plays
Another Euripidean tragedy that portrays women and Greek mythology, and seems to bridge the genres of tragedy, is a satyr play and comedy called "Alcestis." In the play, a buffoonish Hercules(Heracles) comes to the house of his friend Admetus. The latter is mourning the death of his wife Alcestis, who has sacrificed her life for him but won't tell ...
Death
Euripides may have died in Athens. Ancient writers from the third century BCE (starting with a poem by Hermesianax [Scullion]) claim Euripides died in 407/406, not in Athens, but in Macedonia, at the court of King Archelaus. Euripides would have been in Macedonia either in self-imposed exile or at the king's invitation. Gilbert Murray thinks the Ma...
Legacy
Despite winning only limited acclaim during his lifetime, Euripides was the most popular of the three great tragedians for generations after his death. Even during his lifetime, Euripides' plays won some acclaim. For example, after the ill-fated Sicilian expedition, where Athens ventured into the Italian island in 427 BCE with disastrous results, t...
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