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The Basis of Ancient Indian History (I) - jstor
The Inajor historical change in ancient India was not between dynasties but in the advance of agrarian village settlements over tribal lands, metainor- phosing
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10678_5AncientIndia.pdf Ancient India
Geographic Factors Influencing Ancient
India
1.Location and Size:
2.India(today constituting 3 nations, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh) is a landmass located in southern Asia.
a. 2,000 miles north to south b. north of equator but lower region within tropical zone; warm tropical climate c. triangular peninsula-sometimes referred to as subcontinent2. Boundaries:
*geographically isolated and therefore largely protected from invasion a. from the east, west and south by Bay of Bengal, the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean; b. from the north by towering mountain ranges, chiefly the Himalayas;Nevertheless, a few mountain passes on the northwest border, such as the Khyber Pass, enabled invaders to enter northern India.
3. Monsoons - winds that blow, with regularity, over India;
a. summer monsoons - June to October - come from the southwest, absorbing moisture from the Indian Ocean and depositing rain inland. This rainfall is essential for farming.
If summer monsoons late - hurts crops and even causes famine;4. Topography: India contains two major regions:
a. North: the Plain of the Indus and Ganges fertile, Indus to Arabian Sea, and Ganges to the Bay of Bengal; b. South: Deccan Plateau-inhospitable- mountain ranges, tropical forests and rocky soil; *Little unity existed between north and south;Mountain ranges isolated population groups;
Regionalism-a feeling of regional loyalty;
History of Ancient India
1.The early Indus River Valley Civilization(3000-1500 B.C.)
Indus River fostered the development of civilization; ancient cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro: a. well-planned cities containing extensive extensive drainage systems and brick buildings with bathrooms; b. highly productive farms with irrigation canals and domesticated animals, c. Pictographic writing(still undeciphered)on clay seals, d. Cloth, jewelry, pottery and copper and bronze tools; *similarities with Sumerian pottery This civilization ends abruptly, perhaps destroyed by invading Aryans.2.The Aryan Conquests: 2000-600 B.C.
A.)Indo-European-speaking Aryans, probably related to Persians, crossed the northwest mountain passes and invaded the Indus Plain.
Conquered darker-skinned inhabitants-the Dravidians;By 6th century B.C., the Aryans had subjugated the Ganges Valley and occupied entire northern plain;
Formed small states that frequently warred among themselves;