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Genetic Engineering

What is the difference between

the mice in these two groups?

What is genetic engineering?

Genetic engineering is the directmodification of an organism͛s genome, which is the list of specific traits (genes) stored in the DNA.

Changing the genome

enables engineers to give desirable propertiesto different organisms.

Organisms created by

genetic engineering are called genetically modified organisms (GMOs).

History of GMO Development

1973: created first genetically

modified bacteria

1974: created GM mice

1982: first commercial

development of GMOs (insulin-producing bacteria)

1994: began to sell genetically

modified food

2003: began to sell GMOs as

pets (Glofish)

What is the GMO process?

yAll genetic changes affect the protein synthesis of the organism. yBy changing which proteins are produced, genetic engineers can affect the overall traits of the organism. yGenetic modification can be completed by a number of different methods:

Inserting new genetic

material randomly or in targeted locations

Direct replacement of

genes (recombination)

Removal of genes

Mutation of existing genes

GMO Bacteria

Bacteria are the most common GMOs because their simple structure permits easy manipulation of their DNA. One of the most interesting uses for genetically modified bacteria is the production of hydrocarbons (plastics and fuels) usually only found in fossil fuels. yCyanobacteria have been modified to produce plastic (polyethylene) and fuel (butanol) as byproducts of photosynthesis yE. Coli bacteria have been modified to produce diesel fuel

Engineering Plants

How might genetic engineering modify

plants to solve everyday problems? (Consider world hunger, weather problems, insecticide pollution͙)

Genetically Modified Crops

GMO crop production in the US (2010):

y93% of soybeans y93% of cotton y86% of corn y95% of sugar beets

Example:

yOne common modified crop is Bt-corn. yA gene from the Btbacteria is added so the corn produces a protein that is poisonous to certain insects but not humans.

Banana Vaccines

Modified virus injected in

sapling tree causes the bananas to contain virus proteins

Venomous

Cabbage

Scorpiongenes added to the

cabbage prevent insects from eating it

Other Reasons to Genetically Modify Crops

yInsect resistant yHerbicide resistant yDrought/freeze resistant yDisease resistant yHigher yield yFaster growth yImproved nutrition yLonger shelf life

Engineering Animals

Could genetic engineering be used to

modify any animals to solve problems?

Bioluminescent Animals

Uses: yProtein tracking yDisease detection using bioluminescent imaging (BLI) to identify different types of cells yNovelty pets (Glofishare available now)

Fast-Growing

Salmon

Genes from two other

fish cause this salmon to continually produce growth hormones

Less Smelly Cows

Modifying bacteria

responsible for methane production in cattle results in 25% less-flatulent cows

Could Spiderman Be Real?

Web-Producing Goats

Spider genes in goats enable the

production of spider silk in goat milk

GMO Concerns

What are some concerns regarding genetically

modified foods and animals? yRisk to human health; unsafe to eat yHarm to the environment and wildlife yIncreased pesticide and herbicide use yFarmers͛ health ySeed and pollen drift yCreation of herbicide-resistant super weeds yWhat about genetic engineering in humans? Nearly 50 countries around the world, including Australia, Japan and all of the countries in the European Union, have enacted significant restrictions or full bans on the production and sale of genetically modified organism food products, and 64 countries now have GMO labeling requirements.