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14345_6ACS78630WP0P13344700Box382164B00OUO090.pdf

Report No: ACS7863

. Russian Federation Russian Federation Gender Assessment . February 2014 . ECSP3 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA . .

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Acknowledgments

The work prepared under this task was led and supervised by Ana Maria Munoz Boudet (Senior Gender

Specialist, TTL, ECSP3) and Josefina Posadas (Economist, co-TTL, PRMGE), and comprising Andrea

Atencio (Consultant, PRMGE), Olga Emelyanova (Research Analyst, ECSP3), Julianna Flanagan (Junior

Professional Associate, ECSP3), Elisa Gamberoni (Economist, AFTP1), and Sarosh Sattar (Senior

Economist, ECSP3). Specific focus papers were authored by Josefina Posadas and Andrea Atencio

(PRMGE), Tami Aritomi (consultant ECSP3), and Irina Kalabhakina (Department of Economics, Moscow State University). The report benefited from guidance from Carolina Sanchez-Paramo (Sector Manager,

ECSP3) and from comments provided by Stepan Titov (Senior Economist, ECSP3), Elizaveta Perova

(Economist, LCSPP), and Reena Badiani (Economist, EASHS). Administrative support was provided by

Helena Makarenko (ECSP3).

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C˜‡"˜‹‡™

An egalitarian socialist legacy and relatively high and growing levels of income -particularly over the last

decade- have translated into fairly equal gender outcomes in Russia along many dimensions. There are

no significant differences in education levels between men and women, and in recent years more young

women have completed post-secondary education than young men. Girls outperform boys in reading in

standardized exams and do as well as them in math and science. At first glance, women do not seem to

have difficulties in transitioning from school to work or remaining employed over the life cycle. And

female labor force participation is significantly above the levels observed in other countries in Europe

and Central Asia, as well as in the OECD. As the World Bank (2012a) has shown, economic development brings institutional improvements such as education, which in turn lead to gender equality in some outcome domains. But whether these positive impacts of development on gender outcomes are strong or weak depend on how well-oiled is

the engine of economic development, e.g. how well markets and service delivery institutions function,

how supportive of change the cultural environment is. Thus, in reality, many gender imbalances do not

disappear with economic development. The Russian Federation is no exception. While on surface high

education and high levels of female participation in labor markets may suggest gender equality in labor

market outcomes, high sector segregation and gender income gaps remain, with women earning on average 70 percent less than men. And, while improvements in health delivery services have had a

positive impact in reducing maternal mortality levels, they have not been sufficient to reduce excess

male mortality, deeply rooted in social norms about gender and a strong division of gender roles.

This new assessment of gender equality issues in Russia seeks to gauge the progress in all the domains

of outcomes during the last 10 years, and to further understand the main causes behind the persisting

gender gaps identified in the country. This assessment builds on the analytical framework proposed by

the World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development (World Bank 2012a) to provide

a general overview of gender issues in Russia, and it builds on literature at the frontier in economics to

go deeper in the two selected topics: adult mortality and gender gap in pay.

This new assessment takes on board the difficult challenge of serving a wide audience, both internal and

external to The World Bank Group, from policy makers to academics and experts. On the one hand,

internally, it seeks to inform the Country Partnership Framework (CPF) discussions and to support World

Bank teams in their efforts to improve gender attention in their projects; and thus this report provides

both an up-to-date overview of comprehensive selection gender outcomes in key priority areas.1 The analysis builds on and expands previous work on gender issues at the national, regional, and global levels (Paci 2002, World Bank 2004, 2012a and 2012b) and it complements other analytical work on

jobs, economic mobility and aging in Russia. In this way, this report also aims at serving key national

stakeholders involved in policy making, to both integrate gender into their activities or to introduce new

specific policies needed to overcome the persistent gender imbalances. On the other hand, this report

1 Part 1. Gender Inequality in Russia: A Panorama.

5

also seeks to reach academics and experts interested in gender, labor markets, and health, by providing

new analytical insights about the determinants of persistent gender differences in labor market

outcomes, and male mortality. Identifying these determinants allows to better target policy

interventions aimed at increasing gender equality.

To serve this diverse audience, the gender assessment is composed of four different pieces organized in

two groups. The first two pieces of work update the early 2000s general panorama of gender equality in

the Russian Federation and provide a general overview of gender issues in the three dimensions of gender equality: endowments, economic opportunities, and voice and agency (World Bank 2012a). The first document offers a panorama of the situation across these areas based on the most recent and

multiple data sources for Russia; while the second piece offers a summary of the scholarly production

and existing literature by national researchers on gender issues. The second part of the assessment

includes two pieces focusing on the analysis of critical gender gaps in Russia -that have persisted over

the decade and beyond with little change- by exploring the causes of excess male mortality from a

gender and social norms perspective and of the prevalent and persistent gender wage gap in the

country. Income growth has some influence in shifting these patterns but does not eliminate the gaps in

the sectors or occupations where women and men work, nor the resulting earnings gap; and has not

appear to have affected the propensity of Russian men to engage in risky behavior, or change specific

habits related to their early mortality patterns. Higher gender equality can boost economic development through its positive impact on productivity

growth, the quality of institutions, and the welfare of the next generation (World Bank, 2012a).

Understanding the root causes of persistent gender inequalities and designing policies that tackle those

can therefore have a high payoff. The World Bank can contribute to this process by adequately

evaluating and addressing gender issues within its portfolio. This Gender Assessment will provide new

and useful information and analysis that will help teams achieve this goal. The main messages resulting from this analysis were presented to government representatives, civil

society organizations, and the research community on December 2, 2013 and triggered a dialogue at the

national-level dialogue, highlighting the need to focus on gender inequality in policy action, and which

should be followed by the upcoming national and regional technical pieces and policy instruments.

Main Messages

A general look at the Russian Federation situation on gender equality over the last two decades seems

to indicate that the country maintains high levels of gender equality in many areas. However, a more

observant look reveals that some gender gaps have proven to be very resilient to change. The positive

trends in education and employment already identified in the mid-2000s, when the World Bank

produced a series of reports covering gender issues in Russia have continued (Baskakova et al. 2006,

6

World Bank 2004)2 are now stagnant; and little progress has been seen in the domains of struggle: large

gender gaps in pay and high adult male mortality rate.

High male mortality is still a concern in the country, and women͛s participation in economic actiǀity is

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