Van der Waals forces are the forces of attraction between molecules These are also known as intermolecular forces and are much weaker
However, these are weakest in nature as compared to other chemical interactions or forces This force is much weaker so it has no importance in our life The
Molecular solids become compre- hensible as soon as we recognize the contributions of the weak forces known as van der Waals attraction and hydrogen bonding
All weak intermolecular forces are called: van der Waals forces Page 8 van der Waals Forces Two major forms: • Dipole–
“Van der Waals forces - the relatively weak attractive forces that act on neutral atoms and molecules that arise because of the electric polarization induced in
(a) We define precisely what we mean by a van der Waals force and, to put our In the near- to mid-uv, water (14) shows a weak absorption at X = 1650 A or
the weak interaction: nuclear interaction (responsible for nuclear -decay / electron emission attractive intermolecular forces ( van der Waals forces) w r A
about different types of van der Waals forces 5 1 1 Dispersion weaker than ion -ion interaction because only weak, molecules do not cling together to make
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THERMODYNAMICS
It is the only physical theory of universal content concerning which I am convinced that, within the framework of the applicability of its basic concepts, it will never be overthrown.
Albert Einstein
Chemical
energy stored by molecules can be released as heat during chemical reactions when a fuel like methane, cooking gas or coal burns in air. The chemical energy may also be used to do mechanical work when a fuel burns in an engine or to provide electrical energy through a galvanic cell like dry cell. Thus, various forms of energy are interrelated and under certain conditions, these may be transformed from one form into another. The study of these energy transformations forms the subject matter of thermodynamics. The laws of thermodynamics deal with energy changes of macroscopic systems involving a large number of molecules rather than microscopic systems containing a few molecules. Thermodynamics is not concerned about how and at what rate these energy transformations are carried out, but is based on initial and thermodynamics apply only when a system is in equilibrium or moves from one equilibrium state to another equilibrium state. Macroscopic properties like pressure and temperature do not change with time for a system in equilibrium state. In this unit, we would like to answer some of the important questions through thermodynamics, like: how do we determine the energy changes involved in a chemical reaction/process? Will it occur or not?
What drives a chemical reaction/process?
To what extent do the chemical reactions proceed? UNI
After studying this
Unit, you will be able to V W D W H
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