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UNIT 6 WORD STRESS

Structure

6.0 Objectives

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Word Stress

6.3 Primary Stress and Secondary Stress

6.4 How to Mark Stress

6.5 Various Stress Patterns

6.6 Word Stress affected by Suffixes

6.7 Stress Shift according to the Function of Words

6.8 Some Important

Rules concerning Word Stress 6,9 Let Us Sum Up

6.10 Key Wards

6.1

1 Same llseful Books

6.12 Answers

OBJECTIVES

In Block 1, Units 2-5, you learnt about the sounds of English -vowels (~nonophtha~lgs and diphthongs) and eansonants. In this unit we shall take up a very important aspect of spoken English, called word rtmss. We shall diseuss, with the help of examples, the various patterns of word stress that we come acrass in English.

After completing

this unit you should be able to perceive which part of an English word af more than one syllable has the stress when it is pronounced; find out from a dictianary which syllable of a word is to be stressed; and say English words with the stress on the right syllable ofthe word.

INTRODUCTION

A word in English may have one or Inore syllables. In each syllable there is ~~suiilly one sound, usually a vowel, that is more prominent than the rest and takes the central position. There are words like car, dog, boy, girl, class, etc., which have only one syllable each. However, there are wards like ar(i,vt, burber, canteen, doclor: cngit~c~. futher, etc., each of which has two syllables. The word artist, for example, has tlic syllables /a:/ and /t~st 1. the ward burber has the syllables ha:/ and /be/, and so on. The words character: rktention, engineer, and wonderful, etc., have threc syllables each: ka/, /r~k/, he/; /d~/, /ten/, /Sen/; /en/. /d31/, /n~e/: and /whn/, Idel, /full. The wards agriculture, benevolent, candidnrurc.. u'lctutor.shi~~. etc., have four syllables each. The words ur~i+stically, examinuliun, etc. have five syllables each.

Phonetics and Phonology-2

A word which has only one syllable is called a Monosyllabic word; a word which has two syllables is called a Disyllabic word; one with three syllables is called a Trisyllabic word; and one with more than three syllables is called a Polysyllabic word. An audio recording is also available at the Study Centers of the University.

Check Your Progress 1

Indicate the number of syllables in each of the following words, and sliow how you will divide each word into syllables. Use phonetic transcription and mark syllable division with a dot at the bottom. The first two have been given as examples.

Word Number of Syllables Syllables Division

1) word I / w-d /

2) structure 2 1strak.t Sel

3) objective ---

4) cassette

------------

5) recording

-------

6) introduction

7) primary

8) secondary

----.- ------

9) characteristic

-- -- - -- -- -

10) English

------------ Just as al I the beginning consonants of words are treated as parts of a syllable, certain consonant sequences in English are treated as indivisible by the native speakers of English when they occur in the middle of a word. These are the sequences SC (C= any consonant), Cr, Cw, C1 arid C j. The syllables in these words are divided with these sequences remaining intact. Thus the words request, betray, secure, and applause have the following syllables: /r~.kwestl (not r~k.west/, 1b1.t re11 (not b~t re^), 1s1.k jd. and /e.pl:,:zl

6.2 WORDSTRESS

An English word consisting of more than one syllable is said in such a way that one of its syllables stands aut from, or is more prominent than the other syllable or syllables in the same word. For example, in the word father(wl1ich has two syllables /fa:/ and / de/ ) the first syllable /fa:/ is more prominent than the second syllable /de/. But, in the word cassette (which also has two syllables /ke.set/), the second syllable /set/ is more prominent than the first. Similarly, when we pronounce the word gigantic (which has three syllables /dga~.g~n.t~k/) the second syllable /ga=n/ is more prominent than the tirst and the third syllables. The syllable which stands out or is more prominent than the others in the same word is called the stressed syllable or the accented syllable. The speaker spends more energy while producing the stressed syllable than slhe does while producing the other syllables in the sanie word. The listener hears the stressed syllable as being louder tlian tlie other syllables in the same word. The syllables which are not stressed in a word are called unstressed or weak syllables.

Ward Stress

6.3 PRIMARY STRESS AND SECONDARY STRESS

In some words of more than three syllables, there may be two syllables which stand out from the rest. For example, in the word cigc~rclte (which has three syllables /sI/. /gal and /ret/), the third syllable /ret/ is more prominent than the first syllable /sI/, which in tun1 is more prominent than the second syllable /gal. Similarly, in the \sord exuinination (which has five syllables /~g/, /zz/, /m~/, /ne~/ and /lan/) the second syllable /ZE/ and the fourth syllable /ne~/ are more prominent than the other syllables. Between them the fourth syllable /ne11 is more prominent than the second syllable /zE/. In such words, the most prominent ofthe stressed syllables is called the 'main' or 'primary' stress and the other is called 'secondary' stress.

6.4 HOW TO MARK STRESS

I Most modern dictionaries adopt the following method to mark stress. The stressed syllable is marked with a vertical bar (the mark ' ) above and before the syllable 1 that is stressed. For example, the word upprove (which has two syllables /a/ and I /pru:v/ is stressed on the second syllable and it is marked thus:

Given below are

some more examples of words with the stressed syllables marked. balloon /ballu:nl (two syllables: second syllable stressed) camel

1 Ika me11 (two syllables; first syllable stressed)

decent / 'di: sant/ (two syllables; first syllable stressed) enormous /1'n3:rnas/ (three syllables; second syllable stressed) fearlessly

1 If ~aleslil (three syllables; first syllable stressed)

government / 'gavanmentl (three syllable; first syllable stressed) nlonotonous / ma1n3tanas/ (four syllable; second syllable stressed) opinion /a1pin j enl (three syllable; second syllable stressed) Iftwo syllables stand out froni the rest in a word, one receiving primary stress and the other secondary stress, the syllable receiving secondary stress is marked with lie vertical bar below and before the syllable (,) and the syllable receiving primary stress is ~narked in the way indicated above. Some examples are given below: Advurrrageou.~ /,edveniterdgas/ (four syllables; the first syllable has secondary stress and the third syllable has primary stress) Bifurctrtion /,ba~falke~len/ (four syllables; the first syllable has secondary stress and the third syllable has primary stress) C'himpunzec If l~mpxn'zi:/ (three syllables; the first syllable has secondary stress and the third syllable has primary stress) Democratic l,demalkrzt~W (four syllables; the first syllable has secondary stress and the third syllable has primary stress)

I Phonetics and Phonology-2

i 6.5 VARIOUS STRESS PATTERNS In English, word stress in not fixed to a particular syllable. It is free in the sense that there are words in which the first syllable is stressed, others in which the second syllable is stressed, yet others in which the third orthe fourth syllable has the primary stress. Some examples of various stress patterns in English are given below.

Try to say them

with the stress on the correct syllable. You can listen to them on the audio recording.

Disyllabic words stressed on the FIRST syllable:

1) 'action 2) 'apple

3) 'artist

5) 'barber

4) 'atom

f$ 'better

7) 'bottle 8) 'butter

9) 'careful

I

11) copper

13) 'donkey

15) 'empty

17) 'father

10) 'centre

12) 'cotton

14) 'dreadful

16) 'envy

18) 'freedom

1 9) 'govern 20) 'grateful

DisyIIuQIe wads stressed on the SECOND L~ylluble

21) a'bout 22) a'bove

23) a'go 24) at'tend

25) be'fore 26) be'gin

27) behind 28) be'tween

29) can'teen 30) con'tain

31) de'gree 32) de'lay

33) e'vade 34) for'get

35) forlgive 36) fore'see

37) i'dea 38) im'part

39) la'ment 40) ma'chine

lPisylIahlc words stressed an the FIRST syllable

4 1 ) 'adjective 42) 'advocate

43) 'afterwards 44) 'algebra

45) 'analyse 46) 'appetite

47) 'bachelor 48) 'botany

8

49) 'calculate 50) 'calendar

5

1 ) 'capital 52) 'chemistry

53) 'cinema 54) 'civilize

Trisyllabic words stressed on the SECOND syllable:

Word Stress

55) a'bundance

57) a'coustic

59) ad'vantage 56) ac'countant

58)
ad'jacent

60) af 'fection

61) ag'reement 62) a'partment

63) bar'baric 64) be'ginning

65) con'tainer

. 66) col'lector

67) com'mander 68) com'mencement

69)
dic'tator 70) di'rection

7 1 ) di'rector 72) dis'graceful

73) e'normous 74) ex'ception

75)
fan'tastic 76) for'mation 77)
il'legal 78) in'ducement

79) mis'taken 80) mo'mentous

Trisyllabic words taking the primary stress on the THIRD syllable i I

81) 'addres'see 82) 'after'noon

83) ,apprelhend 84) ,cigalrette

85) ,overltake 86) 'refu'gee

87) 'under'stand

Words of more rhun three syllables- various stress patterns

88) lacci'dental 89) ac'celerate

90)
laccu'sation 9 1) 'adequacy 92)
,advanltageous 93) ,agiltation

94) al'ternative 95) auIthorittarian

96) au'thority 97) Icalcurlation

98) ,combilnation 99) com'parative -

100) com'petitive 101) Iconfi'dential

106) 'dynamism

108)
'electri@

103) Icuri'osity

105) ,disalgreement

107) e'lectrocute

109)
,elelvation ~etics and Pha

1 12) extemplary 1 13) ex'penditure

1 14) ex'tempore 1 15) ,fascilnation

1 16) im'practicable 1 17) 'inde'pendent

1 18) instan'taneous 119) 'insti'tution

120) in'tensity 121) ,libelrality

122) 'mannerism 123) mo'nopoly

124) mo'notonous 125) ,opporltunity

126) prepa'ration 1 27) re,sponsi'bility

1 28) sug'gestible 129) ,terriltorial

Check Your Progress 2

A number of English words are given below. Say them yourself and ascertain which is the stressed syllable in each word. Then mark the stressed syllables by using the appropriate mark (1 ' / for primary stress and / , / for secondary stress) before the syllables that are stressed. After you have marked all the words, check your answers with those provided at the end of this unit and then say the words with the correct stress patterns. You can also listen to these words on the audio recording.

1) abide 2) across

3) address

4) ancient

5) arrive 6) artery

7) affection

8) atmosphere

9) attempt 10) behave

11) behaviour 12) broadcast

13) bubble 14) bucket

15) chimpanzee

1 6) burglar

17) carbon 18) chapter

19) consolation 20) contain

21) cradle 22) dictator

23) engineer 24) family

25) familiar

26) fraternal

27) gamble 28) gentle

29) hasty 30) hatred

3

1 ) honour 32) honourable

33) humour 34) humorous

3 5) jackal 36) kingdom

Word Stress

37) know ledge 38) knowledgeable

39) lethargy 40) lethargic

41) moment 42) momentary

, 43) monotony 44) natural

45) notorious 46) original

47) opportunity 48) prepare

49) preparation 50) relate

51 ) relation 52) relative

1 53) restaurant 54) robust

55) satisfy 56) satisfaction

i ' 57) select 58) selection i i 59) table 60) translate : 6.6 WORD STRESS AFFECTED BY SUFFIXES The addition of some derivational suff~xes affects the stress pattern but this is not the case with all suffixes. Examples of suffixes which do not affect the stress pattern

1) -able

ad'vise re'l y -able 'comfort 'honour 'knowledge 2 -age 'orphan -age

I 'cover (verb

-+ adjective) ad'visable re'liable (noun -+ adjective) 'comfortable 'honourable 'knowledgeable (noun -+ noun) 'orphanage (verb -+ noun) 'coverage 3) -ance, (verb -+ noun) ap' pear ap'pearance dis'turb dis'turbance per' form per'formance

4) -er

com'mand re'ceive 5) -ess 'actor 'waiter (noun -+ noun) com'mander re'ceiver (noun -+ noun) 'Londoner (noun -+ noun) I actress 'waitress

Phonetics and Phonology-2 6) -f~l

e'vent -ful 'pocket

7) -fy

'terror

8) -ize

'crystal 'public -ize 'final 'modern

9) -1y

'mother 'order -IY 'clever 'even 'musical

10) -men?

ap'point com'mence ,enterltain 'govern 12) -or 'conquer di'rect in'vent 13) -some 'burden 'trouble

14) -ure

ex'pose'

15) -Y

'winter (noun + adjective) e'ventful (noun + noun) 'pocketful (noun + verb) 'terrifji (noun + verb) 'crystallize 'publicize (adjective + verb) 'finalize 'modernize (noun + adjective) 'motherly 'orderly (adjective + adverb) 'cleverly 'evenly 'musically (verb + noun) ap'pointment com'mencement ,enterltainment 'government (adjective + noun) 'bitterness (verb + noun ) 'conqueror di'rector in'ventor (noun + adjective) 'burdensome 'troublesome (verb + noun) ex'posure (noun + adjective) 'wintry

Examples

of suffixes which affect the stress pattern. These are of two types: those that attract the main stress on themselves, and those that have the main stress at a fixed distance from them. A. Suff~xes that have the main stress on themselves. 1) -eer e'lection 'profit -esque 'picture 'statue Suffixes that have main stress at a fixed distance from them The main stress is on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix. -ial 'confidence 'essence 'industry 'office 'president -ian

I library

'music pho'netics -ic, -ical a'cademy 'grammar 'patriot 'sympathy -ion ~P'P~Y 'civilize 'decorate ex'amine i'magine op'pose pre' pare -ity 'able 'curious 'equal 'generous 'moral o'riginal 'possible 'stupid ck Your Progress 3 confi'dential e'ssential in'dustrial official ,presildential li'brarian mu'sician

Iphone'tician

,acaldemic gram'matical ,patrilotic ,sympalthetic lappli'cation ,civililzation ,decolration exIami1nation iImagitnation loppotsition , prepa'ration a'bility ,curi40sity e'qual ity ,genetrosity mo'rality o,rigi1nality ,possilbility stu'pidity

Mark the stressed syllables

in the followi~ig words. After you haw your answers, say each word with the correct stress pattern. You can to these words on the audio recording. editorial

2) profession

learner

4) edition

re checked also listen

Word Stress

Phonetics and Phonblogy-2 5) ckirify 6) usefulness

7) teacher 8) presentation

9) unreal

istic 1 0) intelligibility

I I) situation 12) educational

13) development 14) activity

1 5) practicality 16) available

17) authentic 18) incorporate

19) unfortunately 20) section

2 Given below are a few words and a few other words which are derived from

them. Mark the stressed syllables in all these words. After you have checked your answers say each word with the correct stress pattern. You can also listen to these words on the audio recording.

I) abdomen - abdominal

2) accept acceptance - acceptability

3) accident

accidental - accidentally

4) advance advancement

5) advantage advantageous

6) beauty - beautiful - beautifully

7) baptize baptism

8) bounty - bountiful

9) behave behaviour

10) capable capability

11) capital

- capitalize

12) confess confession

13) connect connection

14) crucify crucifixion

15) depart departure

16) discipline

- disciplinarian

17) disclose

18) establish

19) forgive

20) honour

2

1 ) human

22) liable

23) monotony

24) nation

- disclosure establishment forgiveness honourable - honourably - humanity liability - monotonous national - nationality

I 6.7 STRESS SHIFT ACCORDING TO THE

FUNCTION

OF WORDS

I i 'There are a number of words in English which can be used as nouns or adjectives and also as verbs. We are specially concerned with a few disyllabic words of this sort. In the case of some of these disyllabic words, the stress is on the same syllable whether the word is used as a noun, adjective or verb. On the other hand, there are a few disyllabic words which take the stress on the first syllable if the words are used as nouns or adjectives and on the second syllable if they are used as verbs. Some examples are given of both categories of such words. I) Disyllabic words which take the stress on the same syllable whethe; used as nouns/ adjectives or verbs. 1 ) ad'vance (noun and verb)

2) a'lert (adjective and verb)

3) 'anger (noun and verb)

4) a'ward (noun and verb)

5) bal'loon (noun and verb)

6) 'capture (noun and verb)

7) com'plete (adjective and verb)

8) 'credit (noun and verb)

9) 'darnage (noun and verb)

10) de'bate (noun and verb)

I I )

dis'grace (noun and verb)

12) 'honour (noun and verb)

1 3) 'empty (adjective and verb)

14) mis'take (noun and verb)

15) 'order (noun and verb)

I I) L)isyllabic words which take the stress on thejist syllable if used as nouns/ adjectives and on the second syllable if used as verbs.

Nounladjective Verb

1) 'absent (adjective)

2) 'contract (noun)

3) 'convert (noun)

4) 'convict (noun)

5) 'export

(noun)

6) 'import (noun)

7) 'present (noun and adjective)

8) 'record (noun) ab'sent (verb)

con'tract (verb) con'vert (verb) con'vict (verb) ex'port (verb) im'port (verb) pre'sent (verb) re'cord (verb)

Word Stress

Check Your Progress 4

Phonetics and Phonology-2

Make the stressed syllables in the italicized words in the following sentences. After you have checked your answers say the sentences with the correct stress patterns.

You can also listen

t6 these sentences on the audio recording. 1)

How many students are absent today?

2)

He absented himself from the meeting.

3)

They bartered farm products for machinery.

4) Try to channel your abilities to something useful. 5)

Two parties have conibined to form a government.

6) The general commanded his men to attack the city. 7)

He seems contentjust to sit

in front ofthe television all night. 8) He contented himself with light snacks even though he could have had a fi~ll meal. 9) I like the style of this book but I don't like the content. 10) Everything in her story is correct to the smallest detail. 11)

The export of gold is forbidden.

12) I can forecast that it is going to rain this evening. 13)

You've made too many mistakes.

14)

1 cannot permit such cruelty.

15) He's the best writer that the country hasproduced. 16)

This case is marked 'Produce of India'.

17)

You must record the minutes of the meeting.

18)

Keep a record of how much you spend.

19)

Don't address me as

'officer'. 20)

1 can't read the address on this letter.

6.8 SOME IMPORTANT RULES CONCERNING

WORD STRESS

Even though what we have said so far in this unit may give you the impression that word stress in English is something unpredictable and confusing, there are a few important rules regarding word stress. These rules are given below with a few examples for each rule. Rule 1 Words with weak prefixes have the stress on the root and not on the prefix. For example :

I) a'bout 2) a'far

3) a'loud 4) be'little

5) be'friend

Rule 2

The inflectional suffixes -ed (the one we use to make the past and past participle forms of verbs), -s, or -es (the one we use to make the plural forms of most nouns and the simple present third person singular forms of most verbs) and -ing(the suffix we use to for111 the present participle of a verb) do not affect the stress. That is, words to which these suff~xes are added have the stress on the same syllable after the suffixes are added as the ones on which the root word has the stress.

A few

examples are given for each of the three suffixes. -ed ab'duct con'duct de'duct ef 'fect 'bandage 'damage di'sease 'garage 'manage 'answer 'audit bell ieve con'tain de'mand af 'fect for'bid ablducted con'ducted de'ducted ef 'fected 'bandages 'damages di'seases 'garages 'manages 'answering 'auditing be'lieving con'taining de'manding af'fecting for'bidding

The derivational

sufixes - age, - ance, -en, - er: - ess, - ful, - hood, - ish, - ive, - le.s..v, - ly, --merit, - ness, -or, and -ship do not change the stress pattern, as shown above.

Rule 4

Words ending in the suffixes -eer: -ee, and -ese have stress on themselves, as shown above.

Rule 5

Words ending in the sufix - ion, -ic, ical, -ically, -ial, and -ity have the primary stress on the syllable immediately preceding the suffix, as shown above.

Check Your Progress 5

State the rule to determine the location of the primary stress in each of the following words:

I ) introduction

Word Stress

Phonetics and Phonology-2 2) accompany

........................................................................ .................................................. ........................... ........................................................................ .......................

3) university

........................................................................ ..................................................

4) artistic

........................................................................ ..................................................

5) journalese

LET US SUM UP

An English word may have one or more syllables. A word consisting of only one syllable is called a monosyllabic word. Words of two syllables are called disyllabic words, words of three syllables are called trisyllabic words, and words of more than three syllables are called polysyllabic words. An English word of more than one syllable is said in such a way that one of its syllables stands out from the rest; that is, it is more prominent than the other syllables in the word. The syllable which stands out and is more prominent than the rest is called the stressed syllable or the accented syllable.

Sometimes,

in words consisting of three or more syllables, two syllables stand out from the rest. One of them has what we call main or primary stress and the other has secondary stress. In English, word stress is not fixed to a particular syllable. 'There are words which are stressed on the first syllable, others which are stressed on the second syllable and yet others which have the main stress on the third syllable or the fourth syllable.

When we add a suffix to a word and thus

form a new word, some such derived words take the stress on the same syllable as the root word, while in the case of other derived words, the stress is on a different syllable.

There are many disyllabic words

in English which can be used as nouns or adjectives and as verbs. In the case of some such words, the stress is on the same syllable whether the word is used as a noun or adjective or a verb. There are, however, other disyllabic words which are stressed on the first syllable if they are used as nouns or aqjectives and on the second syllable ifthey are used as verbs. There are some important rules regarding word stress in English which are listed in this unit.

Word Stress

6.10 KEY WORDS

- --

Syllable

Monosyllable

Polysyllable

Stress

Primary stress

Secondary stress : a word or part of a word which contains a vowel sound or a consonant acting as a vowel. e.g. button 1 'bh.tnl has two syllables. : a word which has only one syllable. : a word which has three or more syllable. : the degree of force put on a part of a word, making it seem stronger than other parts. : (also called primary accent): the strongest force given in speech to part of a compound or a long word (shown in this unit by the mark / ' I). : (also called secondary accent) the next to the strongest force given in speech to part of a compound or a long word (shown in this unit by the mark/, 1). : an affix that is placed at the end of a word.

I 6.11 SOME USEFUL BOOKS

Balasubramanian. T ( 198 1, 1987) A Textbook of English Phonetics for Indian

Students,

Macmil Ian India Ltd.

t Bansal, R.K. and J .B. Harrison (1 983) Spoken English for India, Orient Longman, i 2nd edition.

CIEFL (1

974), Exercises in Spoken English, Part I: Accent, Rhythm and

Intonation.

i 6.12 ANSWERS

1 Check Your Progress 1

Phonetics and Phonology-2

Check Your Progress 2

1) a'bide

3) ad'dress

5) ar'rive

7) af'fection

9) at'tempt

1 1) be'haviour

13) 'bubble

15) ,chimpanlzee

17) 'carbon

19) ,conso'lation

2 1) 'cradle

23)
,engilneer

25) fa'miliar

27) 'gamble

29) 'hasty

3

1 ) 'honour

33) 'humour

35)
ljackal

37) 'knowledge

39) 'lethargy

4

1) 'moment

43)
mo'notony

45) no'torious

47)
,oppor'tunity

49) ,prepalration

5 1) re'lation

53) 'restaurant

55) 'satisfy

57)
se'lect

59) 'table

Check Your Progress 3

1. 1) ,ediltorial

3) 'learner

a'cross 'ancient 'artery 'atmosphere be'have 'broadcast 'bucket

I burglar

I chapter

con'tain dic'tator

I family

fra'ternal 'gentle 'hatred 'honourable 'humorous

I kingdom

'knowledgeable le'thargic 'momentary 'natural o'riginal prel pare re'late 'relative ro'bust ,satis'faction se'lection trans'late pro'fession e'dition

5) 'clarify

7) 'teacher

13) de'velopment

15) ,practilcality

17) au'thentic

19) un'fortunately

2. 1) 'abdomen

2) ac'cept

3) 'accident

4) ad'vance

5) ad'vantage

6) 'beauty

7) bap'tize

8) 'bounty

9) be'have

10) 'capable

1 1) 'capital

12) con'fess

13) con'nect

i

14) 'crucify

I I

15) de'part

I

1 6) 'discipline

1 7) dis'close

i

1 1 8) e'stabl is11

i 19) for'give

20) 'honour

2 1 ) 'human

I I

22) 'liable

23) mo'notony

24) 'nation 'usefulness

,presen'tation inItelligi1bility ,edu'cation ac'tivity a'vailable in'corporate 'section ab'dominal ac'ceptance a~~cepta'bility ,accildental ,accildentally ad'vancement ,advanltageous 'beautiful

I baptism

'bountiful be'haviour capa'bil ity capi'talize con'fession con'nection ,cruci'fixion de'parture ,disciplilnarian dis'closure e'stablishment for'giveness 'honourable hu'manity ,lia1bi1ity mo'notonous 'national 'honourably

Word Stress

Phonetics and Phonology-2

Check Your Progress 4

1 1) 'absent 2) ab'sented

3) 'bartered 4) 'channel

5) com'bined 6) com'manded

7) con'tent 8) con'tented

9) 'content 10) 'detail

1 1 ) 'export 12) 'forecast

13) mis'takes 14) per'mit

15) pro'duced 16) 'produce

17) re'cord

1 8) 'record

19) ad'dress 20) ad'dress

Check Your Progress 5

1) Rule

5:Words ending in the suffix - ion have the primary stress on the syllable

immediately preceding the suffix. (lintro'duction)

2) Rule

1 :Words with weak prefixes have the stress on the root and not on the

prefix. (ac'company) 3) Rule

5:Words ending in the suffix - ity have the primary stress on the syllable

immediately preceding the suffix. (,unilversity)

4) Rule

5:Words ending in the suffix - ic have the primary stress on the syllable

immediately preceding the suffix (ar'tistic) 5) Rule 4:The suffix - ese has stress on itself (journal'ese).

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