29 mar 2014 · Operating System can be defined as “A program that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer hardware” Goals of
An operating system is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware and controls the execution of all kinds of programs
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer • Operating system is an interface between computer and user
Understand the difference between system software and application software List several ways in which operating systems differ from one another
1 2 What are the main differences between operating systems for mainframe computers and personal computers? Answer: Generally, operating systems for batch
The Operating System (OS): – controls all execution – multiplexes resources between applications – abstracts away from complexity • Typically also have some
Operating system • a program that controls the resources of a computer – interface between hardware and all other software
User interface - Almost all operating systems have a user interface (UI) > Varies between Command-Line (CLI), Graphics User Interface
4 2 Explain the purpose of an operating system All computers rely on an OS to provide the interface for interaction between users, applications, and hardware
(OS) is a program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware Without an operating system, a computer and software programs
The operating system is the most important program Operating system is an interface between computer Single-user operating systems, as opposed to a
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CSCA0201
FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTING
Chapter 6
Operating Systems
2
Operating Systems
1.Operating Systems
2.Types of Operating System
3.Major Functions
4.User Interface
5.Examples of Operating System
3
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
Theoperatingsystemisthemostimportantprogram
thatrunsonacomputer.
Operatingsystemisaninterfacebetweencomputer
anduser.
Itisresponsibleforthemanagementand
coordinationofactivitiesandthesharingofthe resourcesofthecomputer. 4
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
5
Operating Systems
Operating Systems
6
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System
Real-time
Multi-uservs.Single-user
Multi-taskingvs.Single-tasking
Distributed
Embedded
7
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System
Real-Time
Areal-timeoperatingsystemisamultitasking
operatingsystemthataimsatexecutingreal-time applications.
Respondstoinputinstantly.
8
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System
Multi-user vs. Single user
Amulti-useroperatingsystemallowsmultipleusers
toaccessacomputersystemconcurrently.
Time-sharingsystemcanbeclassifiedasmulti-user
systemsastheyenableamultipleuseraccesstoa computerthroughthesharingoftime.
Single-useroperatingsystems,asopposedtoa
multi-useroperatingsystem,areusablebyasingle useratatime. 9
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System
Multi-tasking vs. Single-tasking
Whenasingleprogramisallowedtorunatatime,
thesystemisgroupedunderasingle-taskingsystem
Whileincasetheoperatingsystemallowsthe
executionofmultipletasksatonetime,itis classifiedasamulti-taskingoperatingsystem. 10
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System
Distributed
Adistributedoperatingsystemmanagesagroupof
independentcomputersandmakesthemappearto beasinglecomputer.
Thedevelopmentofnetworkedcomputersthatcould
belinkedandcommunicatewitheachother,gave risetodistributedcomputing. 11
Operating Systems
Types of Operating System
Embedded
Embeddedoperatingsystemsaredesignedtobe
usedinembeddedcomputersystems.
Theyaredesignedtooperateonsmallmachines
likePDAswithlessautonomy.
Theyareabletooperatewithalimitednumberof
resources. 12
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System
Resourcemanagement
Datamanagement
Jobmanagement
StandardmeansofcommunicationbetweenUser
andComputer 13
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System
Resource Management
TheresourcemanagementfunctionofanOS
allocatescomputerresourcessuchasCPUtime, mainmemory,secondarystorage,andinputand outputdevicesforuse. 14
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System
Data Management
ThedatamanagementfunctionsofanOSgovern
theinputandoutputofdataandtheirlocation, storage,andretrieval.
Italsoisresponsibleforstoringandretrieving
informationondiskdrivesandfortheorganizationof thatinformationonthedrive. 15
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System
Job Management
ThejobmanagementfunctionofanOSprepares,
schedules,controls,andmonitorsjobssubmittedfor executiontoensurethemostefficientprocessing.
Ajobisacollectionofoneormorerelatedprograms
andtheirdata. 16
Operating Systems
Major Functions of Operating System
Standard Means of Communication between User
and Computer
TheOSalsoestablishesastandardmeansof
communicationbetweenusersandtheircomputer systems.
Itdoesthisbyprovidingauserinterfaceanda
standardsetofcommandsthatcontrolthe hardware. 17
Operating Systems
User Interface
Aprogramthatcontrolsadisplayfortheuser
(usuallyonacomputermonitor)andthatallowsthe usertointeractwiththesystem).
Theuserinterfaceallowstheusertocommunicate
withtheoperatingsystem. 18
Operating Systems
User Interface
Theuserinterfaceprovidesmeansof:
Input-allowingtheuserstomanipulatea
system
Output-allowingthesystemtoindicatethe
effectsoftheusers'manipulation. 19
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Commandlineinterface
Graphicaluserinterface
20
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Acommand-lineinterfaceisamechanismfor
interactingwithacomputeroperatingsystemor softwarebytypingcommandstoperformspecific tasks.
Thismethodofinstructingacomputertoperforma
giventaskisreferredtoas"entering"acommand.
Acceptinputviakeyboardonly.
Notsuitableforbeginners.
21
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Command Line Interface (CLI)
22
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Command Line Interface (CLI)
Examplesofcommand:
CommandDescription
DIRTo display list of files or folder
COPYTo copy file or folder
MDTo make new folder
CLSTo clear screen
QuitTo quit
23
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Isatypeofuserinterfacewhichallowspeopleto
interactwithcomputerwithimagesratherthantext commands.
Acceptinputviakeyboardandpointingdevices.
Easytolearn.
24
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Elements of Graphical User Interface
Pointer
Icons
Desktop
Windows
Menus 25
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Pointer
Asymbolthatappearsonthe
displayscreenandthatyou movetoselectobjectsand commands.
Usually,thepointerappears
asasmallangledarrow. 26
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Icons
Smallpicturesthat
representcommands, files,orwindows. 27
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Desktop
Theareaonthedisplayscreenwhereiconsare
groupedisoftenreferredtoasthedesktopbecause theiconsareintendedtorepresentrealobjectsona realdesktop. 28
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Desktop
29
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Windows
Usedtodividethescreenintodifferentareas.
Ineachwindow,youcanrunadifferentprogramor
displayadifferentfile. 30
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Windows
31
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Menus
Mostgraphicaluserinterfacesletyouexecute
commandsbyselectingachoicefromamenu.
Twotypesofmenu:
Pull-downmenu
Pop-upmenu
32
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
Menus 33
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
CLIGUI
Ease
Because of the memorization and
familiarity needed to operate a command line interface, new users have a difficult time navigating and operating a command line interface.
Although new users may have a
difficult time learning to use the mouse and all GUI features, most users pick up this interface much easier when compared to a command line interface.
Control
Users have much more control of
their file system and operating system in a command line interface. For example, users can copy a specific file from one location to another with a one-line command.
Although a GUI offers plenty of
control of a file system and operating system, the more advanced tasks may still need a command line. 34
Operating Systems
Types of User Interface
CLIGUI
Multitasking
Although many command line
environments are capable of multitasking, they do not offer the same ease and ability to view multiple things at once on one screen.
GUI users have windows that
enable a user to view, control, and manipulate multiple things at once and is much faster to navigate when compared with a command line. Speed
Command line users only need to
use their keyboards to navigate a command line interface and often only need to execute a few lines to perform a task.
A GUI may be easier to use
because of the mouse. However, using a mouse and keyboard to navigate and control your operating system for many things is going to be much slower than someone who is working in a command line. 35
Operating Systems
Examples of Operating System
MS-DOS
Windows
MacOS Linux
Solaris
Android
36
Operating Systems
Microsoft DOS
DOSstandsforDisk
OperatingSystem.
DevelopedbyMicrosoftInc.
Usingcommandline
interface.
Itdoesnotsupportmultiple
usersandmultitasking.
Firstversion:MS-DOS1.0
(1981)
Finalversion:MS-DOS7.0
(1995) 37
Operating Systems
Microsoft DOS
38
Operating Systems
Windows
ProducedbyMicrosoft,
Inc.
Usinggraphicaluser
interface.
Supportmultitaskingand
multiuser.
Firstversion:Windows
1.0(1985)
Latestversion:Windows
8 39
Operating Systems
Windows
40
Operating Systems
Mac OS
Theofficialnameofthe
Macintoshoperating
system.
CreatedbyAppleInc.
OperatingSystemfor
AppleMacintoshcomputer.
Firstversion:MacSystem
1(1984)
Latestversion:MacOS
10.8.3
41
Operating Systems
Mac OS
42
Operating Systems
Linux
Afreely-distributableopen
sourceoperatingsystemthat runsonanumberofhardware platforms.
Linuxhasbecomean
extremelypopularalternative toproprietaryoperating systems.
Firstversion:Linux(1992)
Latestversion:Linux3.9.6
43
Operating Systems
Linux 44
Operating Systems
Android
AndroidisaLinux-based
operatingsystemformobile devicessuchassmartphones andtabletcomputers
ItisdevelopedbytheOpen
HandsetAlliance,ledby
Google,andothercompanies
Firstversion:Android1.0
(2008)
Latestversion:Android4.2.2
45
Operating Systems
Android
46
Operating Systems
Solaris
SolarisisaUnixoperating
systemoriginallydevelopedby
SunMicrosystems
Solariscanbeinstalledfrom
physicalmediaoranetworkfor useonadesktoporserver
Usedonserverand
workstation
Firstversion:Solaris1(1991)
Latestversion:SunOS11.1
47
Operating Systems
Solaris
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