The most important acid derivatives are esters, amides and nitriles, although acid halides and anhydrides are also derivatives (really activated forms of a
all derivatives of carboxylic acids: amides is due to the strong dipolar forces that The reactivity of acid derivatives can be correlated
derivative (amides and esters) are more readily prepared from more reactive acyl derivatives (acid chlorides and anhydrides) carboxylic acid amide
Amides: Primary amides (RCONH2) are named as the carboxylic acid except the -ic acid ending is replaced with -amide or the -carboxylic acid ending is replaced
Since the acid chloride is more reactive than the anhydride, ester or amide, the acid chloride can be converted directly to any of these acyl derivatives
Esters are derivative of carboxylic acids in which the –OH group on the carboxyl has been replaced with an –OR group Esterification (Preparation of Esters)
An amide is a composite of a carboxylic acid and either ammonia or an amine R may be H, alkyl or aryl Amides are derivatives of carboxylic acids, derived by
amide acid chloride acid anhydride
Esters and amides, however, are universally present Amide Ester Anhydride Acid halide Increasing reactivity toward nucleophilic acyl substitution R O
all derivatives of carboxylic acids: R acid ester anhydride acyl halides amides compounds with groups that can be Interconversion of Acid Derivatives (21-5)
Derivatives of carboxylic acids Vladimíra can be oxidized to oxo derivatives (= dehydrogenation) products of esterification (acid + alcohol → ester + water)