[PDF] IslandBiogeography - The Center for Teaching and Learning - UNC





Loading...








[PDF] Island Biogeography Activity Objectives: Students will learn the

Island Biogeography Activity Objectives: Students will learn the concept of island biogeography by participating in an immigration and extinction activity




[PDF] Activity 63 Simulating the Theory of Island Biogeography

In this activity we will be simulating the theory of island biogeography We will be observing how habitat size, distance from the mainland, and dispersal 

[PDF] Island Biogeography Lab and Background

Biogeography is the science that attempts to document and understand spatial patterns of biodiversity In studying biogeography researchers seek to understand 

[PDF] Exploring Island Biogeography through Data Student Handout

In this activity, you'll analyze data from published scientific studies to discover Principles of island biogeography apply to any isolated habitat,

[PDF] Exploring Island Biogeography through Data Student Handout

Activity Student Handout (Building the Equilibrium Model) of this activity, you'll explore a pattern in island biogeography called the species-area




[PDF] The unifying, fundamental principles of biogeography: under

Although island biogeography is sometimes narrowly interpreted as primarily fo- cused on patterns in species richness, it encom-

[PDF] LP_IslandBiogeographypdf - AmphibiaWeb

30 jui 2014 · MacArthur-Wilson Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography Length of Time for Activity: 5 days, or see modifications at the end of this 

Island Biogeography and Conservation: Strategy and Limitations - jstor

The electrical activity of the hip- pocampus is unusual While the rest of the brain shows a desynchronized EEG pattern during attention, learning, and

[PDF] Activity 24 Biogeography as evidence of evolution - Science by Doing

Activity 2 4 Biogeography as evidence of evolution Biogeography 1 Look at your completed Gondwanaland Explain how you think the waratah

[PDF] IslandBiogeography - The Center for Teaching and Learning - UNC

Teaching the Theory of Island Biogeography as an on-campus field The implementationofthisinnovativeexperientialfieldandlaboratoryactivityhasthe

PDF document for free
  1. PDF document for free
[PDF] IslandBiogeography - The Center for Teaching and Learning - UNC 31482_713_Garcia_Gagne.pdf

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!"#$%&'()!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-!$0!$(!+(5%$6470!.'#12!1$8+,$*+,-!9'11'$6!:$,%'$!$(2!;$,$!:$)($,*&!;%'#(%#0!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

?!!"#$%&'(%)!@76#,+70!0*72'#0!&$A#!2#6+(0*,$*#2!*&$*!0*72#(*0!4#,.+,6!8#**#,!$(2!&$A#!'(%,#$0#2!1#$,('()!+7*%+6#0!'(!%+7,0#0!*&$*!4,+6+*#!$%*'A#!1#$,('()!8-!6#$(0!+.!'(B7',-58$0#2!$%*'A'*'#0!$(2!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0D!E(#!%+641'%$*'+(!.+,!078F#%*0!07%&!$0!*&#!>$,*&!;%'#(%#0!$(2!>%+1+)-!'0!*&$*!%#(*,$1!*&#+,#*'%$1!*#($(*0!+.!*�#!2'0%'41'(#0!$,#!.'#1258$0#2D!"-4'%$1!#27%$*'+($1!'(B7','#0!'(*+!*�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

N!!Budget Request for SOTL Grant Year 2013 Joint Proposal? Yes X No Title of Project Teaching the Theory of Island Biogeography as an on-campus field laboratory Duration of Project 1 year Primary Investigator(s) Mr. William Garcia, Dr. Sara A. Gagné Email Address(es) wjgarcia@uncc.edu; sgagne@uncc.edu UNC Charlotte SOTL Grants Previously Received (please names of project, PIs, and dates) None Allocate operating budget to Department of Geography and Earth Sciences !!!!!!Year One!Account #!Award!January to June!Faculty Stipend!Transferred directly from Academic Affairs to Grantee on May 15!$ 3,598 !911250!Graduate Student Salaries!$7,000 911300!Special Pay (Faculty on UNCC payroll other than Grantee)!!!915000!Student Temporary Wages! $1,400 915900!Non-student Temporary Wages !!!920000!Honorarium (Individual(s) not with UNCC)!!!921150!Participant Stipends!!!

O!!925000!Travel - Domestic!!!926000!Travel - Foreign!!!928000!Communication and/or Printing!!!930000!Supplies! $1,050 942000!Computing Equipment!!!944000!Educational Equipment!!!951000!Other Current Services!!!!!!!GRAND TOTAL!$13, 048!!"%%'(*+,-%$J!!PD G**$%&Q4,+A'2#!$!($,,$*'A#!*&$*!#C41$'(0!&+I!*&#!.7(20!,#B7#0*#2!I'11!8#!70#2D!!?D R$0!.7(2'()!.+,!*&#!4,+F#%*!8##(!,#B7#0*#2!.,+6!+*&#,!0+7,%#0S!!TTT!U#0!!!TVT!@+D!!/.!-#0H!1'0*!0+7,%#0D!!!!!!!!!!!

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

X!!8159,#&($2,()$++%*,1(:&,4(;-*&(#52&(<$"-&*&'(35&"%(&1'E135472E4'47/85'W/;F0/74'[.:4<'\285'%/5<'$7A8']/74<'\285'K^'1_V'SM'E4'Y3..D'KK^':17'SL'47/85Z'J'L'P`'aA;;A3>'/>.34'A3'47/85'T16.5'WA34.7F%%b'K'$/;;13'*,'c'X/7A3.')34AF:7.._.''S@LJ'PK'KPO@SJ'&1'5417.'A3C.74.B7/4.5')0/_13'W-A7;F8/9'=/08;.'!/>5'=4/3DF28'!/>5'WA4-'W-A4.'W7A4.F13'=47A8V'(/5E1'F'X1D.;'!MKJQO6/V'8/E9'1:'SMM''SQ@SL'P'KKJ@K^'&1'5417.'A3C.74.B7/4.5'UA5-.7'%4-/31;V';A3.D'54..;'D720'PMTV')OM`FPM''KJJ@QM'K'KJJ@QM'&1'5174'A3C.74.B7/4.5'W/;F0/74']<7.d'B/9A3>'DA5-'^'KM'^M'&1'E135472E4'47/8'711:5'T16.5'$7A8F*A4.''K'TB@'KFKROe'[14'$/;C/3A_.D'f1A54'[/3>.7'(/A;5V'+4.0'gN'QLPPM''h''X1D.;'gN'KKO[$f=&K''O@L`'K'O@L`'&1'E135472E4'47/8'711:5'[10.F#.814'I]&+i'PO'A3@'d'K^'A3@'d'O'00@'\1772>/4.D'];/54AE'=-..4'A3'W-A4.'YKSF]/E9ZV'X1D.;'g'\I*FPOK^FKS'''''+34.73.4'g'PMPMJ^MLJ''JL@LQ'K'JL@LQ'&1'AD.34A:<'A3C.74.B7/4.5'W/7Dj5'(/427/;'=EA.3E.'#A55.E4A13'9A4'Y+4.0'g'KO','M`LOZ'JO@`S'KM'JO`@S'&1'0./527.'-/BA4/4'G2/;A4<'1:'A5;/3D5')0/_13'O'A3K'];/34'=1A;'=27C.<'+354720.34']['&.08.7/427.'X1A5427.'=23;A>-4'&.54.7'X.4.7'PQ@^K'P'SJ@QP'&1'67A4.'13'5/08;.'B/>5'[10.'#.814'$7./5.'8.3'S'P'KM'&1'DA58.35.'.4-/31;'W/7Dj5'(/427/;'=EA.3E.'WAD.FX124-'W/5-'!144;.5V'SMM'0T'Y+4.0'g'K^','OKKQ'Z'S@PS'KM'SP@S'&1'25.'A3'47/85'W/;FX/74')H/d')34AB/E4.7A/;'I7/3>.'[/3D'=1/8'#A5-'TAG2ADV'JO1_V'P89'J@^O'K'J@^O'&1'AD.34A:<'A3C.74.B7/4.5'!/73.5'/3D'(1B;.'"BAE9'.4'/;@'YPMMSZ'S^@S'K'S^@S'3=3>?(((((@ABCDEA(!!

Y!!''!.//0(,!1/!%*,!2,'-!!Z?[P!L('A#,0'*-!M'*-!3+71#A$,2H!M&$,1+**#H!@M!?\??N5[[[P!*Q!Y[O5X\Y5[[\\!!.Q!Y[O5X\Y5[[\Z!!&**4JQQ%1$0D7(%%D#27!!!@+A#68#,!XH!?[P?!!;E"K!:,$(*0!M+66'**##!M#(*#,!.+,!"#$%&'()!]!K#$,('()!%*1^7(%%D#27!!=#$,!M+66'**##!_#68#,0J!!!/!I,'*#!'(!0744+,*!+.!=,D!;$,$!:$)(<`0!$(2!_,D!3'11!:$,%'$`0!$441'%$*'+(!.+,!$!?[PN!;%&+1$,0&'4!+.!"#$%&'()!$(2!K#$,('()!GI$,2D!"&#!4,+4+0#2!,#0#$,%&H!!"#$%&'()*%")"+,&-&./&,0)*%"1/2)13)&4-#'5).&1("1(/#6%2)#4)#)3&"-5)-#.1/#*1/27)51)3&"-5).#4"58"96"/&0"'*4)6/1:&5")."**"/)-"#/'&'()1,*$10"4)*%#')4&0,-#*"5)5#*#;

\!!"&#!4,+4+0#2!4,+F#%*!I'11!$00#00!*&#!8#(#.'*0!+.!'(B7',-58$0#2!1#$,('()!*&,+7)&!*&#!'641#6#(*$*'+(!+.!$!(+A#1!8$0#2!#C4#,'#(*'$1!%+7,0#!4,+F#%*!*&$*!I'11!8#!0&$,#2!8#*I##(!*I+!%+7,0#0J!:>E:!N[[[!3'+)#+),$4&-!$(2!:>E:!O?PXQW?PX!K$(20%$4#!>%+1+)-D!!"�#!*I+!%+7,0#0!$,#!$(!'64+,*$(*!%+64+(#(*!+.!=#4$,*6#(*`0!(#I1-!,#A'0#2!7(2#,),$27$*#!%7,,'%7176!I&'%&!0*,#00#0!R76$(5>(A',+(6#(*$1!/(*#,$%*'+(0!'(!*&#!>$,*&!;%'#(%#0D!!"&#!6#$07,#6#(*!+.!*&#!8'+2'A#,0'*-!+.!'(A#,*#8,$*#!04#%'#0!$00+%'$*#2!I'*&!2'..#,#(*50'b#2!4$,c'()!1+*!6#2'$(0H!1+%$*#2!$*!A$,-'()!2'0*$(%#0!.,+6!$!d6$'(1$(2e!.+,#0*!0*,'c#0!6#!$0!$(!#C*,#6#1-!(+A#1!I$-!*+!4,#0#(*!$!.7(2$6#(*$1!*&#+,#6!+.!3'+2'A#,0'*-!$(2!>%+1+)-J!"&#!/01$(2!"&#+,-!+.!3'+)#+),$4&-!*+!+7,!0*72#(*0D!!!!!"&#!'641#6#(*$*'+(!+.!*&'0!'((+A$*'A#!#C4#,'#(*'$1!.'#12!$(2!1$8+,$*+,-!$%*'A'*-!&$0!*&#!4+*#(*'$1!*+!0')('.'%$(*1-!'64$%*!&+I!0*72#(*0!1#$,(!.7(2$6#(*$1!%+(%#4*0!'(!#(A',+(6#(*$1!0%'#(%#H!1#$,(!*+!$441-!*&#!0%'#(*'.'%!6#*&+2H!1#$,(!$(2!4,$%*'%#!.'#12!$(2!1$8+,$*+,-!*#%&('B7#0!$(2!%,'*'%$11-!#A$17$*#!*&#!0%'#(*'.'%!1'*#,$*7,#D!!:#(#,$1!$,#$0!+.!4#2$)+)'%$1!.+%70!'(%172#J!'(%,#$0'()!0*72#(*!#()$)#6#(*!*&,+7)&!%7,,'%71$,!'((+A$*'+(a!'(%,#$0'()!.$%71*-50*72#(*!'(*#,$%*'+(a!'(%,#$0'()!%++4#,$*'+(!$6+()!0*72#(*0a!#(%+7,$)'()!$%*'A#!1#$,('()a!#(&$(%'()!0*72#(*!4,+.#00'+($1!2#A#1+46#(*a!$(2!'64,+A'()!1#$,('()!+7*%+6#0D!!3#-+(2!*&#!*I+!'(0*,7%*+,0!$441-'()!*&#!,#071*0!+.!*&#!,#0#$,%&!*+!*&#',!+I(!%+7,0#0H!*&#-!41$(!*+!4,#0#(*!*&#!%1$00!,#071*0!$*!*&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!L(2#,),$27$*#!f#0#$,%&!M+(.#,#(%#!$(2!*&#!O*&!G((7$1!M$6470!M+(A#,0$*'+(0J!;*72#(*0!='0%700!;70*$'($8'1'*-!%+(.#,#(%#D!g'($11-H!*&'0!4,+F#%*!&$0!*&#!4+*#(*'$1!*+!'64$%*!'(0*,7%*'+(!I#11!8#-+(2!L@M!M&$,1+**#!I'*&!*&#!%+5h'`0!4,+4+0'()!*+!2'00#6'($*#!*&#',!#27%$*'+($1!,#071*0!$*!%+(.#,#(%#0H!07%&!$0!*&#!$((7$1!%+(.#,#(%#!+.!*&#!G00+%'$*'+(!.+,!*&#!;*72-!+.!R')&#,!>27%$*'+(H!$(2!8-!6#$(0!+.!$,*'%1#0!'(!F+7,($10H!07%&!$0!=&1>$&"'$"!$(2!*&#!?1,/'#-)13)@"1(/#6%2)&')A&(%"/)B5,$#*&1'D!!! It is my pleasure to recommend this project for your consideration. Please let me know if you require further information. Sincerely yours, Nancy A. Gutierrez, Dean College of Liberal Arts and Sciences !!!

Z!!GD!;h>M/g/M!G/_;!@76#,+70!0*72'#0!&$A#!2#6+(0*,$*#2!*&$*!0*72#(*0!4#,.+,6!8#**#,!$(2!&$A#!'(%,#$0#2!1#$,('()!+7*%+6#0!'(!%+7,0#0!*&$*!4,+6+*#!$%*'A#!1#$,('()!8-!6#$(0!+.!'(B7',-58$0#2!$%*'A'*'#0!$(2!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0!iM766'(0!#*!$1DH!?[[Oa!:#'#,!#*!$1DH!?[[\a!R6#1+5;'1A#,H!?[[Oa!R6#1+5;'1A#,!#*!$1DHH!?[[Ya!_$,C!#*!$1DH!?[[Oa!E1'A#,H!?[[YjD!G%*'A#!1#$,('()!0*,$*#)'#0!07%&!$0!*�#!6$-!8#!+.!A$,'+70!c'(20H!8+*&!2',#%*!$(2!'(2',#%*!ig'(c!?[[NjD!G!2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#!'(A+1A#0!0*72#(*0!#()$)'()!'(!,#$1!$%*'+(0!'(!$(!$7*&#(*'%!0#**'()D!g+,!#C$641#H!$(!#(A',+(6#(*$1!0%'#(%#0!0*72#(*!*&$*!4$,*'%'4$*#0!'(!$!,#$15I+,12!%+667('*-!2'0%700'+(!+.!#(A',+(6#(*$1!'007#0!'0!#()$)'()!'(!$!2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#D!/(2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#0!+%%7,!I&#(!0*72#(*0!$,#!7($81#!*+!4$,*'%'4$*#!'(!,#$15I+,2!0'*7$*'+(0D!/(5%1$00!,+1#541$-'()!#C#,%'0#0!$,#!#C$641#0!+.!'(2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#0D!!!=#04'*#!*&#!%+(0#(070!+(!*&#!8#(#.'*0!+.!$%*'A#!1#$,('()!0*,$*#)'#0!'(!&')&#,!#27%$*'+(H!1'**1#!'0!c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i"/3jH!I&'%&!4,#2'%*0!*&#!(768#,!+.!04#%'#0!+(!+%#$('%!'01$(20!8$0#2!+(!*&#',!0'b#!$(2!2'0*$(%#!.,+6!*&#!6$'(1$(2!i_$%G,*&7,!$(2!9'10+(H!PZXYjD!"&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!

P[!!3'+)#+),$4&-!I$0!4+0'*#2!+(!*&#!8$0'0!+.!#64','%$1!+80#,A$*'+(0!$(2!&$0!8##(!*#0*#2!#C*#(0'A#1-!70'()!#64','%$1!2$*$D!/(!+7,!A'#IH!07%&!*&#+,'#0!$,#!8#0*!*$7)&*!70'()!2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#0!*&$*!'(A+1A#!*&#!#1$8+,$*'+(!+.!&-4+*�#0H!4,#2'%*'+(0H!$(2!.'#12!2$*$!%+11#%*'+(D!=7#!*+!4,$%*'%$1!1'6'*$*'+(0H!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-!'0!*,$2'*'+($11-!*$7)&*!70'()!0'671$*#2!2$*$H!'D#DH!$(!'(2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#D!/(!+7,!#C4#,'#(%#H!*&#!70#!+.!0'671$*#2!2$*$!,#071*0!'(!0*72#(*0!$%B7','()!$!074#,.'%'$1!7(2#,0*$(2'()!+.!*&#!4,+%#00#0!$(2!0-0*#60!8#'()!*$7)&*D!!!"&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!%$6470!4,+A'2#0!70!I'*&!$(!+44+,*7('*-!*+!#()$)#!0*72#(*0!'(!$!&$(205+(!#64','%$1!*#0*!+.!*&#!"/3!70'()!'(A#,*#8,$*#!04#%'#0!$(2!4$,c'()!1+*!'01$(20D!!9#!4,#2'%*!*&$*!$!2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#!07%&!$0!*&'0!I'11!'64,+A#!0*72#(*0`!7(2#,0*$(2'()!+.!*&#!%+(%#4*0!'(&#,#(*!'(!*&#!"/3D!"&#!2#0')(!+.!.'#1258$0#2!1#$,('()!$%*'A'*'#0!'(!&')&#,!#27%$*'+(!'0!),#$*1-!.$%'1'*$*#2!8-!*&#!70#!+.!+(#`0!%$6470!$0!$!1$8+,$*+,-D!/(!$22'*'+(H!0*72#(*0!8#(#.'*!.,+6!$!0*,+()!0#(0#!+.!41$%#!$(2!+I(#,0&'4!I&#(!*&#',!+I(!%$6470!'0!4$,*!+.!*&#!1#00+(D!!!"&#!+8F#%*'A#0!+.!+7,!4,+F#%*!$,#!*+J!PD!=#0')(!$(!'(B7',-58$0#2!1#$,('()!$%*'A'*-!*&$*!6$c#0!70#!+.!*&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!%$6470!$0!$!0*72-!$,#$!*+!*#0*!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-D!?D!M+64$,#!*&#!1#$,('()!+7*%+6#0!.,+6!*&#!(#I!'(B7',-58$0#2!1#$,('()!$%*'A'*-!I'*&!*&+0#!.,+6!*,$2'*'+($1H!'(2',#%*!$%*'A'*'#0!70#2!*+!*#$%&!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-D!"&'0!4,+F#%*!0744+,*0!*#0!I'*&'(!*&#!=#4$,*6#(*!+.!:#+),$4&-!$(2!>$,*&!;%'#(%#0H!4$,*'%71$,1-!*&#!*#0!+.!:1+8$1!M&$()#!$(2!R76$(!>(A',+(6#(*!/(*#,$%*'+(0H!8-!4,+A'2'()!0*72#(*0!I'*&!$!2##4#,!$(2!6+,#!(7$(%#2!7(2#,0*$(2'()!+.!

PP!!*&#!.$%*+,0!*&$*!2#*#,6'(#!8'+2'A#,0'*-!$*!8+*&!,#)'+($1!$(2!)1+8$1!0%$1#0D!9'*&!*&'0!7(2#,0*$(2'()!*&#-!6$-!8#**#,!,#$1'b#!&+I!&76$(!$%*'A'*'#0!%$(!$1*#,!8'+2'A#,0'*-D!"&'0!4,+F#%*!$22,#00#0!*I+!+.!*&#!M+11#)#!+.!K'8#,$1!G,*0!$(2!;%'#(%#`0!)+$10H!($6#1-!d*+!0744+,*!$11!0*72#(*0`!$%$2#6'%!07%%#00!8-!6$'(*$'('()!$!0*72#(*!%1'6$*#!+.!#(,'%!#27%$*'+($1!#C4#,'#(%#0H!+44+,*7('*'#0!.+,!1#$2#,0&'4H!$(2!#C4+07,#!*+!*&#!$441'%$*'+(!+.!2'0%'41'($,-!c(+I1#2)#!$(2!0c'110e!$(2!d*+!.+0*#,!$!0#1.5,#.1#%*'A#!%+667('*-!+.!#27%$*+,0!I&+!%+(*'(7+701-!#C$6'(#!*&#',!4,+%#00#0!$(2!$00#00!4,$%*'%#0!'(!$11!$04#%*0!+.!*#$%&'()!$(2!,#0#$,%&!*+!'(07,#!#..#%*'A#!+7*%+6#0eD!"&#!'64,+A#2!1#$,('()!+7*%+6#0!$(2!+44+,*7('*-!*+!#()$)#!'(!$%*7$1!.'#12!,#0#$,%&!4,+A'2#!),#$*1-!#(&$(%#2!0*72#(*!#C4#,'#(%#0H!I&'1#!*&#!2$*$!)#(#,$*#2!+(!'(2',#%*!A0D!2',#%*!1#$,('()!I'11!$11+I!*&#!'(0*,7%*+,0!*+!#C$6'(#!$(2!'64,+A#!+7,!*#$%&'()!4,$%*'%#0D!!!g7,*&#,H!*&#!2#A#1+46#(*!+.!*&'0!#C#,%'0#!I'11!4,+A'2#!$!*#641$*#!*&$*!'(0*,7%*+,0!$*!+*&#,!7('A#,0'*'#0!%$(!70#!*+!*#$%&!"/3!70'()!$!2',#%*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#D!/01$(20!&$A#!1+()!&$2!$!),#$*!'(.17#(%#!+(!*&#!0%'#(%#!+.!8'+1+)-!'(!)#(#,$1H!$(2!8'+)#+),$4&-!04#%'.'%$11-D!"&#!0*72-!+.!'01$(2!8'+*$0!&$0!'(.17#(%#2!%#(*,$1!*&#+,'#0!+.!8'+1+)-!07%&!$0!($*7,$1!0#1#%*'+(!i=$,I'(H!P\WZjH!#A+17*'+(!$(2!#%+1+)-!iK$%c!PZOYH!PZYXjH!04#%'$*'+(!%+(%#4*0!i_$-,!PZO?H!PZWNjH!$(2!)#+),$4&'%!A$,'$*'+(!+.!04#%'#0!iR7*%&'(0+(!PZW\H!PZWZH!$(2!PZXYjD!G0'2#!.,+6!=$,I'(`0!70#!+.!*&#!:$1k4$)+0!/01$(20!'(!&'0!.+,671$*'+(!+.!*&#!*&#+,-!+.!($*7,$1!0#1#%*'+(H!*&#!6+0*!0')('.'%$(*!'(.17#(%#!+.!*&#!0*72-!+.!'01$(20!.+,!8'+1+)-!'0!*&#!"/3!i_$%G,*&7,!$(2!9'10+(H!PZXYjH!I&'%&!&$0!8#%+6#!+(#!+.!*&#!6+0*!.7(2$6#(*$1!'2#$0!'(!8'+1+)-!.+,!7(2#,0*$(2'()!*&#!2'A#,0'*-!$(2!#%+1+)'%!0*,7%*7,#!+.!$,#$0D!"&#!'(.17#(%#!+.!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-!'0!4#,A$0'A#!I'*&'(!8'+1+)-D!G0!$!,#071*H!4,+4#,!7(2#,0*$(2'()!+.!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!

P?!!3'+)#+),$4&-!4,+A'2#0!$!2##4#,!$(2!,'%&#,!7(2#,0*$(2'()!+.!6#%&$('060!%+(*,+11'()!8'+2'A#,0'*-D!!3D!K/">fG"Lf>!f>l/>9!EA#,!*&#!1$0*!2#%$2#!*&#,#!&$0!8##(!$(!'(%,#$0'()!2#6$(2!.+,!,#.+,6!'(!7(2#,),$27$*#!#$,*&!0%'#(%#!#27%$*'+(H!$(2!'(!4$,*'%71$,H!$641'.'%$*'+(!+.!7(2#,),$27$*#!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0!i@$*'+($1!f#0#$,%&!M+7(%'1H!PZZXa!@$*'+($1!;%'#(%#!g+7(2$*'+(H!PZZXjD!!/641#6#(*$*'+(!+.!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#0!*&,+7)&!%+667('*-!+.!'(B7',-!4#2$)+)-!&$0!8##(!07%%#00.71!'(!(76#,+70!#$,*&!0%'#(%#!2#4$,*6#(*0!$*!2'..#,#(*!*-4#0!$(2!0'b#0!+.!7('A#,0'*'#0!$%,+00!*&#!L('*#2!;*$*#0!i37(1#-!#*!$1DH!?[[?a!m$,,#**!$(2!37,(1#-H!?[[Na!3#$(#H!?[[Oa!@'%+1$-0#(!$(2!f'**#,870&H!?[[Wj!$(2!'(*#,($*'+($11-!i#D)D!>2I$,20H!?[[Na!m$6#0H!?[[Xa!n'()H!?[[XjD!/(B7',-58$0#2!#27%$*'+(!$(2!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0!8#(#.'*!8+*&!0*72#(*0!$(2!.$%71*-D!!;*72#(*0!%$(!8#**#,!*#0*!*&#',!'(*#,#0*!'(!$!%$,##,!'(A+1A'()!,#0#$,%&!iR#,,'%cH!PZZPa!@$*'+($1!;%'#(%#!g+7(2$*'+(H!PZZXa!m$,,#**!$(2!37,(1#-H!?[[NjD!!"&#-!6$-!8#!6+,#!6$,c#*$81#!$0!$!(#I!),$27$*#!I'*&!2#6+(0*,$*#2!0c'110!+(!$2A$(%#2!*++10H!*#%&(+1+)-!$(2!6$('471$*'+(!+.!2$*$!$(2!*&#-!6$-!8#!6+,#!%$4$81#!+.!%+667('%$*'()!*#%&('%$1!6$*#,'$1!*+!*&#!0%'#(*'.'%!%+667('*-!i;*7c70!$(2!K#((+CH!PZZWjD!!g'($11-H!0*72#(*0!#()$)#2!'(!#C4#,'#(*'$1!1#$,('()!6$-!)$'(!$!0#(0#!+.!0%'#(*'.'%!+I(#,0&'4!i:$I#1!$(2!:,##(),+A#H!?[[WjD!L(2#,),$27$*#!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0!$,#!#B7$11-!'64+,*$(*!.+,!0%'#(%#!$(2!(+(50%'#(%#!6$F+,0D!!G%%+,2'()!*+!*&#!@$*'+($1!;%'#(%#!g+7(2$*'+(!iPZZXjJ!!d/(*#),$*'()!,#0#$,%&!$(2!#27%$*'+(!'0!$!4+I#,.71!6#$(0!8-!I&'%&!*+!4,+A'2#!0*72#(*0!I'*&!*&#!

PN!!0c'110!'(!4,+81#6!0+1A'()!$(2!%,'*'%$1!*&'(c'()!*&$*!I'11!8#!(#%#00$,-!.+,!*&#',!07%%#00.71!($A')$*'+(!+.!*&#!I+,c41$%#!'(!*&#!?P0*!%#(*7,-eD!g7,*&#,H!#C4#,'#(*'$1!1#$,('()!&$0!8##(!2#6+(0*,$*#2!*+!8#!$(!#..#%*'A#!6#*&+2!+.!,#*$'('()!(+(*,$2'*'+($1!0*72#(*0!'(!*&#!0%'#(%#0!in#,(!$(2!M$,4#(*#,H!PZ\Oa!:$I#1!$(2!:,##(),+A#H!?[[WjD!!MD!_>"RE=;!;&,<013$!=,'(*0-8!>,%*1415187)!=7,'()!*&#!g$11!+.!?[P[!3'+)#+),$4&-!I$0!*$7)&*!$0!$!%,+0051'0*#2!>;M/Q:>E:!O[[[!"+4'%0!%+7,0#D!E(#!+.!*&#!c#-!%+(%#4*0!I$0!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-!$(2!*&#!0')('.'%$(*!'64$%*0!'*!&$0!&$2!+(!*&#!+A#,$11!0%'#(%#!+.!#%+1+)'%$1!8'+)#+),$4&-D!"I+!I##c0!iO!%1$00#0jH!$!1$8+,$*+,-H!$(2!$!4$4#,!I#,#!2#A+*#2!*+!*&#!*&#+,-D!"&#!.',0*!%1$00!'(A+1A#2!$!1#%*7,#!+(!*&#!8$0'%!.+,671$*'+(!+.!*&#!*&#+,-!$(2!'*0!0')('.'%$(*!4,#2'%*'+(0!70'()!2$*$!.,+6!A$,'+70!&'0*+,'%$1!4781'%$*'+(0!%'*#2!'(!*&#!*#C*8++c!+.!*&#!%+7,0#D!"&#!0#%+(2!$(2!*&',2!%1$00#0!'(A+1A#2!$(!'(5%1$00!$00')(6#(*!'(!I&'%&!0*72#(*0!%+11#%*#2!2$*$!70'()!'(5%1$00!0'671$*'+(0!+.!'01$(2!%+1+('b$*'+(0!$(2!#C*'(%*'+(D!"&'0!2$*$!I$0!*&#(!%+64$,#2!*+!*&#!4,#2'%*'+(0!+.!_$%G,*&7,!$(2!9'10+(`0!6+2#1D!;*72#(*!1#$,('()!+7*%+6#0!%+(%#,('()!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-!I#,#!6#$07,#2!'(!*&,##!I$-0D!g',0*H!0*72#(*0!I#,#!$0c#2!671*'41#5%&+'%#!B7#0*'+(0!$(2!%+641#*#2!$(!#00$-!,#1$*#2!*+!'01$(2!8'+)#+),$4&-!+(!$(!#C$6D!"�#!B7#0*'+(0!I#,#!2#0')(#2!*+!$00#00!*&#!0*72#(*0`!7(2#,0*$(2'()!+.!*&#!4,#2'%*'+(0!+.!*&#!*&#+,-!$(2!'*0!'64+,*$(%#!*+!,#)'+($1!$(2!)1+8$1!8'+2'A#,0'*-D!;#%+(2H!0*72#(*0!0786'**#2!$!0&+,*!$($1-0'0!+.!*&#!0'671$*'+(!2$*$!%,#$*#2!'(!%1$00!27,'()!1$8!$(2!%+64$,#2!*&'0!2$*$!*+!*&#!4,#2'%*'+(0!+.!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-D!"&'0!$00')(6#(*!I$0!2#0')(#2!*+!

PO!!$00#00!0*72#(*0`!$8'1'*-!*+!$441-!*&#!*&#+,-!*+!$%*7$1!2$*$!$(2!%,'*'%$11-!$($1-b#!I&#*&#,!*&#!2$*$!6$*%!*&#!4,#2'%*'+(0!+.!*&#!*&#+,-D!"&',2H!0*72#(*0!%&+0#!$(!'01$(2!.,+6!$!4,#4$,#2!1'0*!$(2!,#0#$,%!*&#!8'+2'A#,0'*-!$(2!)#+),$4&'%!.#$*7,#0!+.!*&#',!%&+'%#D!"&#-!I#,#!,#B7',#2!*+!70#!*&#',!c(+I1#2)#!+.!*&#!"/3!*+!#C41$'(!*&#!6+2#,(!04#%'#0!,'%&(#00!+.!*&#!'01$(2!*&#-!%&+0#D!!;&161$,4!>,%*1415187)!9#!4,+4+0#!*+!70#!*&#!A#)#*$*#2!'01$(20!'(!4$,c'()!1+*0!XH!XGH!$(2!PN!+(!*&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!ig')D!Pj!%$6470!$0!$!6+2#1!0-0*#6!I'*&!I&'%&!*+!*#0*!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-!70'()!),+7(2!'(A#,*#8,$*#0!i),+7(2!8##*1#0!$(2!),+7(2!04'2#,0jD!9#!$0076#!*&$*!*&#!$04&$1*!07,.$%#!+.!*&#!4$,c'()!1+*0!,#4,#0#(*0!$!&+0*'1#!#(A',+(6#(*!*&$*!0#A#,#1-!%+(0*,$'(0!'(A#,*#8,$*#!2'04#,0$1!$(2!*&$*!A#)#*$*#2!'01$(20!$,#!&$8'*$*!.+,!),+7(2!'(A#,*#8,$*#0D!/(A#,*#8,$*#!,'%&(#00!I'11!8#!%+64$,#2!$6+()!'01$(20!+.!2'..#,#(*!0'b#0!$(2!1+%$*#2!$*!2'..#,#(*!2'0*$(%#0!.,+6!o6$'(1$(2`!0+7,%#!$,#$0!ig')D!PjD!! Figure 1. G#,'$1!A'#I!+.!*&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!%$6470D!9&'*#!0*$,0!'(2'%$*#!4+*#(*'$1!6$'(1$(20!.,+6!I&'%&!'(A#,*#8,$*#!04#%'#0!2'04#,0#!*+!4$,c'()!1+*!'01$(20!i'(0#*jD

PW!! 9#!41$(!*+!%+11#%*!4,#1'6'($,-!2$*$!+(!),+7(2!'(A#,*#8,$*#!,'%&(#00!'(!_$-!?[PN!i0##!"'6#1'(#jD!h,#1'6'($,-!2$*$!I'11!8#!70#2!*+!%,#$*#!A'07$1!'2#(*'.'%$*'+(!c#-0!.+,!70#!8-!:>E:!NPZ[J!3'+)#+),$4&-!$(2!:>E:!O?PXQW?PXJ!K$(20%$4#!>%+1+)-!0*72#(*0D!G!.'#12!$00'0*$(*!I'11!'(0*$11!4'*.$11!*,$40!'(!*&#!A#)#*$*#2!'01$(2!'(!1+*0!XH!XGH!$(2!PN!i*+*$1!(768#,!+.!'01$(20!'0!OXjD!"&#!(768#,!+.!*,$40!4#,!'01$(2!I'11!8#!4,+4+,*'+($1!*+!'01$(2!0'b#H!I'*&!*&#!06$11#0*!'01$(20!&+0*'()!$!0'()1#!*,$4D!G!4'*.$11!*,$4!%+(0'0*0!+.!*I+!41$0*'%!%740!#68#22#2!'(!*&#!),+7(2!I'*&!*&#!'((#,!%74!.170&!I'*&!*&#!),+7(2!07,.$%#D!",$40!I'11!8#!.'11#2!I'*&!P[[!6K!+.!4,+4-1#(#!)1-%+1!$(2!$!2,+4!+.!2'0&!0+$4!$(2!%+A#,#2!I'*&!06$11!,++.0!*+!4,#A#(*!,$'(!$(2!2#8,'0!.,+6!#(*#,'()!*&#!*,$4D!",$4!%+(*#(*0!I'11!8#!%+11#%*#2!+(%#!$!I##c!.+,!*&,##!I##c0!$(2!%+11#%*#2!'(A#,*#8,$*#0!I'11!8#!'2#(*'.'#2!*+!04#%'#0!+,!*&#!1+I#0*!*$C+(+6'%!1#A#1!4+00'81#!70'()!M'#)1#,!i?[[[j!$(2!L8'%c!#*!$1D!i?[[WjD!_+2#1!04#%'6#(0!+.!#$%&!04#%'#0!+,!*$C+(+6'%!),+74!I'11!8#!4&+*+),$4!70'()!*&#!%$6#,$!$**$%!*+!$!0*#,#+6'%,+0%+4#!'(!=,D!:$)(<`0!1$8+,$*+,-D!9#!I'11!70#!*�#!4&+*+),$4&0!$0!I#11!$0!4&+*+),$4&0!.+7(2!+(1'(#!i#D)DH!.,+6!87))7'2#D(#*j!*+!%,#$*#!A'07$1!'2#(*'.'%$*'+(!c#-0D /(!g$11!?[PN!$(2!;4,'()!?[POH!0*72#(*0!'(!:>E:!NPZ[!3'+)#+),$4&-!$(2!:>E:!O?PXQW?PX!K$(20%$4#!>%+1+)-H!,#04#%*'A#1-H!I'11!'2#(*'.-!'(A#,*#8,$*#0!%+11#%*#2!70'()!*&#!6#*&+2!2#0%,'8#2!$8+A#D!G!*#$%&'()!$00'0*$(*!'(!#$%&!%+7,0#!I'11!!0*72#(*0!'(0*$11!*,$40!$(2!4,#4$,#!*,$4!%+(*#(*0!.+,!'2#(*'.'%$*'+(!8-!0*72#(*0!27,'()!I##c1-!%1$00!4#,'+20D!;*72#(*0!I'11!'2#(*'.-!%+11#%*#2!'(A#,*#8,$*#0!'(!*&#!1$8+,$*+,-!70'()!*&#!A'07$1!'2#(*'.'%$*'+(!c#-0!4,+A'2#2H!,#.#,#(%#!8++c0H!$(2!8$0'%!0*#,#+6'%,+0%+4#0D!:>E:!NPZ[!3'+)#+),$4&-!0*72#(*0!I'11!$10+!70#!:/;!*+!#0*'6$*#!'01$(2!0'b#!$(2!'01$(2!2'0*$(%#!.,+6!0#A#,$1!2'..#,#(*!4+*#(*'$1!o6$'(1$(20`!ig')D!PjD!:>E:!O?PXQW?PX!

PX!!K$(20%$4#!>%+1+)-!I'11!$22'*'+($11-!%$1%71$*#!'01$(2!0&$4#!70'()!:/;!$(2!#0*'6$*#!*&#!&$8'*$*!B7$1'*-!+.!#$%&!'01$(2!'(!*&#!.'#12D!R$8'*$*!B7$1'*-!I'11!8#!#0*'6$*#2!.,+6!A$,'$81#0!*&$*!2#0%,'8#!),+7(2!%+A#,H!1'**#,!2#4*&H!*,##!4,#0#(%#H!0+'1!I$*#,!%+(*#(*H!$(2!0+'1!*#64#,$*7,#D!/(!#$%&!%+7,0#H!0*72#(*0!I'11!41+*!*&#!%+11#%*#2!2$*$!*+!2#*#,6'(#!'.!*&#!4,#2'%*'+(0!+.!"/3!$,#!0744+,*#2!$(2!I'11!70#!0*$*'0*'%$1!$($1-0#0!i#D)DH!1'(#$,!,#),#00'+(0j!*+!*#0*!.+,!#..#%*0!+.!'01$(2!0'b#!$(2!'0+1$*'+(!+(!'(A#,*#8,$*#!,'%&(#00D!/(!$22'*'+(H!*&#!0*72#(*0!'(!:>E:!O?PXQW?PX!K$(20%$4#!>%+1+)-!I'11!*#0*!.+,!*&#!6#2'$*'()!'(.17#(%#0!+.!&$8'*$*!B7$1'*-!$(2!'01$(2!0&$4#!+(!*&#!4,#2'%*'+(0!+.!"/3D!!!=D!>lGKLG"/E@!?96,&0+,-%'5!2,$08-!%1!>,'$3&,!@%34,-%!A,'&-0-8!.3%(1+,$)!9#!#C4#%*!0*72#(*0!I&+!07%%#00.711-!%+641#*#!*&#!4,+4+0#2!%1$00#0!*+!2#6+(0*,$*#!$!),#$*#,!7(2#,0*$(2'()!+.!'01$(2!8'+)#+),$4&-!'(!*&#!.+11+I'()!I$-0J • /64,+A#2!0%+,#0!+(!$!0'6'1$,!*#0*!*&$*!'0!)'A#(!$*!8+*&!*&#!0*$,*!i4,#5*#0*j!$(2!*&#!#(2!i4+0*5*#0*j!+.!*&#!0#6#0*#,D!• /64,+A#2!0%+,#0!+(!#C$60!)'A#(!27,'()!*&#!0#6#0*#,!%+64$,#2!*+!4,#A'+70!0#6#0*#,0!I'*&!2'..#,#(*!*#$%&'()!6#*&+2+1+)'#0!• =#6+(0*,$*#2!$8'1'*-!*+!2'0%700!*&#!0*,#()*&0!$(2!I#$c(#00#0!+.!6+2#10!.+,!*&#!)#+1+)'%!#A+17*'+(!+.!'01$(20!8$0#2!74+(!4,#0#(*!.1+,$!$(2!.$7($!• =#6+(0*,$*#2!$8'1'*-!*+!#..#%*'A#1-!0-(*�'b#!$(2!%,'*'B7#!0%'#(*'.'%!$,*'%1#0!$(2!6#2'$!,#4+,*0!$22,#00'()!8'+2'A#,0'*-D!>A$17$*'+(!+.!#$%&!+.!*�#!#C4#%*$*'+(0!I'11!8#!%+(27%*#2!$0!.+11+I0J!

PY!!$D ;*72#(*0!I'11!8#!)'A#(!$!4,#5*#0*!+(!*&#!.',0*!2$-!+.!%1$00!'(!:>E:!NPZ[!%+(0'0*'()!+.!B7#0*'+(0!%+(%#,('()!A$,'+70!$04#%*0!+.!8'+)#+),$4&-!$(2!*&#!0$6#!#C$6!+(!*&#!1$0*!2$-!+.!%1$00D!/64,+A#6#(*H!6#$07,#2!$0!*&#!$A#,$)#!(768#,!+.!%+,,#%*!$(0I#,0H!+(!B7#0*'+(0!,#1$*#2!*+!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-!I'11!8#!%+64$,#2!.,+6!*&#!4,#5!*+!*&#!4+0*5*#0*D!"&'0!I'11!0#,A#!$0!$!.',0*!4$00!#C$6'($*'+(!+.!0*72#(*!7(2#,0*$(2'()D!8D p7$(*'*$*'A#!%+64$,'0+(!+.!0*72#(*!4#,.+,6$(%#!70'()!*&#!*I+!*#$%&'()!6#*&+20!I'11!8#!$%&'#A#2!8-!%+64$,'()!*&#!(768#,!+.!%+,,#%*!0*72#(*!,#04+(0#0!*+!*&#!671*'41#!%&+'%#!B7#0*'+(0!$0c#2!*&#!4,#A'+70!0#6#0*#,!*&#!%+7,0#!I$0!*$7)&*D!"�#!B7#0*'+(0!I#,#!4,#A'+701-!$0c#2!+(!*&#!:>E:!NPZ[J!3'+)#+),$4&-!.'($1!#C$6!70'()!*&#!4,#A'+70!*#$%&'()!6#*&+2+1+)-H!$(2!I'11!8#!$0c#2!$)$'(!+(!*&#!.'($1!#C$6!.+,!*&$*!%+7,0#!27,'()!*&#!g$11!+.!?[PND!9#!I'11!%+64$,#!*&#!$A#,$)#!(768#,!+.!%+,,#%*!$(0I#,0!8$0#2!74+(!#$%&!*#$%&'()!6#*&+2D!%D ;*72#(*!1#$,('()!I'11!8#!B7$1'*$*'A#1-!$00#00#2!8-!%+64$,'0+(!+.!0*72#(*!$(0I#,0!*+!*&#!#00$-!$(2!*&,+7)&!%+64$,'0+(!+.!0*72#(*!4$4#,0!+(!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-D!"�#!$00#006#(*0!I'11!#C$6'(#!0*72#(*!$8'1'*-!*+!$($1-b#!(#I!2$*$!i31++6H!?[[NjD!2D ;*72#(*!1#$,('()!'(!:>E:!O?PXQW?PX!I'11!8#!B7$1'*$*'A#1-!$00#00#2!8-!6#$(0!+.!$!.'($1!oF+7,($1!$,*'%1#`!*&$*!%+(*$'(0!$11!*&#!#1#6#(*0!+.!$!4,+.#00'+($1!0%'#(*'.'%!F+7,($1!$,*'%1#!i/_fG=!.+,6$*j!$(2!2#0%,'8#0!*&#!0*72#(*!,#0#$,%&!%$,,'#2!+7*!*+!*&#!*#0*!*&#!"/3!70'()!4$,c'()!1+*!'01$(20!+(!*&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!%$6470D!!

P\!!E. KNOWLEDGE DISSEMINATION 9#!41$(!*+!&$A#!0*72#(*0!'(!:>E:!NPZ[J!3'+)#+),$4&-!$(2!:>E:!O?PXQW?PXJ!K$(20%$4#!>%+1+)-!4,#0#(*!*&#!%1$00!,#071*0!i'D#DH!*&#!,#071*0!+.!*&#!*#0*!+.!*&#!"&#+,-!+.!/01$(2!3'+)#+),$4&-j!$*!*&#!L@M!M&$,1+**#!L(2#,),$27$*#!f#0#$,%&!M+(.#,#(%#!$(2!*&#!O*&!G((7$1!M$6470!M+(A#,0$*'+(0J!;*72#(*0!='0%700!;70*$'($8'1'*-!%+(.#,#(%#D!9#!$10+!41$(!*+!2'00#6'($*#!+7,!#27%$*'+($1!,#071*0!$*!L@M!M&$,1+**#`0!M#(*#,!.+,!"#$%&'()!]!K#$,('()`0!I+,c0&+40H!$*!%+(.#,#(%#0H!07%&!$0!*&#!$((7$1!%+(.#,#(%#!+.!*&#!G00+%'$*'+(!.+,!*&#!;*72-!+.!R')&#,!>27%$*'+(H!$(2!8-!6#$(0!+.!$,*'%1#0!'(!F+7,($10H!07%&!$0!3'+;%'#(%#H!*&#!m+7,($1!+.!:#+),$4&-!'(!R')&#,!>27%$*'+(H!$(2!*&#!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(!F. HUMAN SUBJECTS We have completed the Human Subjects Protocol Form and will be submitting it for approval. We believe our proposal should be considered exempt research under provisions described on the University website on human subjects. G. EXTRAMURAL FUNDING We do not plan to seek extramural funding at this time.

PZ!!H. TIMELINE Date Activity May 6 2013 Pitfall traps installed in islands May 13 2013 Pitfall trap contents collected & traps re-set May 14 - 17 2013 Taxa collected identified May 20 2013 Pitfall trap contents collected & traps re-set May 21-24 2013 Taxa collected identified May 28 2013 Pitfall trap contents collected & traps re-set May 29-31 2013 Taxa collected identified June 4-18 2013 Identification keys created Fall 2013 Data collection and analysis in GEOG 3190 Biogeography Spring 2014 Data collection and analysis in GEOG 4216 Landscape Ecology Summer 2014 Project evaluation Fall 2014 Results disseminated !!!!!!!!!!!!!!

?[!!B,/,&,-(,$)!!!3>G@>H!fDmDH!?[[OD!L0'()!*&#!0%$(('()!#1#%*,+(!6'%,+0%+4#!.+,!2'0%+A#,-!8$0#2!1#$,('()!!'(!7(2#,),$27$*#!%+7,0#0H!!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(H!AD!W?H!(D!N!4D!?W[5?WND!!3KEE_!3D!;D!PZWXD!"$C+(+6-!+.!>27%$*'+($1!E8F#%*'A#0J!"&#!M+)('*'A#!=+6$'(D!@#I!!U+,cJ!=$A'2!_%n$-!M+!/(%D!!3Lf@K>UH!hDMDH!>lG@;H!9DH!$(2!mGff>""H!ED;DH!?[[?D!!G!%+64$,'0+(!+.!$44,+$%�!$(2!!'(0*,76#(*0!.+,!#A$17$*'()!$!)#+1+)'%$1!0%'#(%#0!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0!4,+),$6D!!!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(H!AD!WH!(DPH!4D!PW5?OD!CIEGLER, J. C. 2000. Ground beetles and wrinkled bark beetles of South Carolina (Coleoptera: Geadephaga: Carabidae and Rhysodidae). Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. !ML__/@;H!fD!RDH!9D!mD!:f>>@H!$(2!MD!>KK/E""D!?[[OD!dh,+64*#2e!'(B7',-58$0#2!1#$,('()!!'(!*&#!/(*,+27%*+,-!M'0*,-!K$8+,$*+,-D!m+7,($1!+.!M'%$1!>27%$*'+(!\PJ!?NZ5?OX!!=Gf9/@H!MD!P\WZD!E(!*&#!+,')'(!+.!04#%'#0!8-!*&#!6#$(0!+.!($*7,$1!0#1#%*'+(!+,!*&#!!4,#0#,A$*'+(!+.!.$A+,#2!,$%#0!'(!*&#!0*,7))1#!.+,!1'.#D!K+(2+(J!m+&(!_7,,$-D!!>=9Gf=;H!;DH!?[[ND!/(*#),$*#2!*#$%&'()!$(2!,#0#$,%&!'(!)#+),$4&-!$(2!*&#!#$,*&!$(2!!#(A',+(6#(*$1!0%'#(%#0!$0!#C#641'.'#2!8-!*&#!:,##(I&'%&5M-4,70!'('*'$*'A#H!!K'(c'()!*#$%&'()!$(2!,#0#$,%&!'(!*&#!)#+),$4&-H!#$,*&!$(2!#(A',+(6#(*$1!;%'#(%#0!%+(.#,#(%#H!G80*,$%*0H!4D!ZD!!g/@nH!KD!=D!?[[ND!M,#$*'()!0')('.'%$(*!1#$,('()!#C4#,'#(%#0J!G(!'(*#),$*#2!$44,+$%&!*+!!2#0')('()!%+11#)#!%+7,0#0D!m+00#-53$00H!;$(!g,$(%'0%+D!!:G9>KH!mD>DH!$(2!:f>>@:fEl>H!MDKDH!?[[WD!!=#0')('()!7(2#,),$27$*#!,#0#$,%&!!#C4#,'#(%#0!.+,!(+(*,$2'*'+($1!0*72#(*!1#$,('()!$*!0#$H!AD!WNH!(D!PH!4D!NP5NXD!!:#'#,H!fDH!hDMD!3176#(.#12H!fD!9D!_$,CH!mD!;D!n,$F%'cH!3D!g'0&6$(H!>D!;+1+I$-H!mD!M1$-5!M&$68#,0D!?[[\D!;*$(2$,2'b#2!*#0*!+7*%+6#0!.+,!0*72#(*0!#()$)#2!'(!'(B7',-58$0#2!%7,,'%71$!'(!*&#!%+(*#C*!+.!7,8$(!,#.+,6D!m+7,($1!+.!f#0#$,%&!'(!;%'#(%#!"#$%&'()!OWJ!Z??5ZNZD!!R>ff/MnH!fD;DH!PZZPD!_+*'A$*'()!*&#!7(2#,),$27$*#!*+I$,2!$!0%'#(%#!%$,##,!5!*&#!R+1-!!M,+00!M+11#)#!0766#,!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#H!!m+7,($1!+.!M+11#)#!;%'#(%#!"#$%&'()H!AD!?[H!4D!?ZO5?ZXD!!R_>KE5;/Kl>fH!MD!>D!?[[OD!h,+81#658$0#2!1#$,('()J!9&$*!2+!0*72#(*0!1#$,(S!!>27%$*'+($1!h0-%&+1+)-!f#A'#I!PXJ!?NW5?XXD!!

?P!!!R_>KE5;/Kl>fH!MD!>DH!=LRMG@H!fD!:DH!$(2!MR/@@H!MD!GD!?[[YD!;%$.+12'()!$(2!!$%&'#A#6#(*!'(!4,+81#658$0#2!$(2!'(B7',-!1#$,('()J!G!,#04+(0#!*+!n',0%&(#,H!;I#11#,H!$(2!M1$,c#!i?[[XjD!>27%$*'+($1!h0-%&+1+)'0*!O?JZZ5P[Y!!RL"MR/@;E@H!:D!>D!PZW\D!M+(%172'()!,#6$,c0D!M+12!;4,'()!R$,8+,!;-64+0'$!+(!!p7$(*'*$*'A#!3'+1+)-!??J!OPW5O?YD!!TTTTTTTTTTD!PZWZD!R+6$)#!*+!;$(*$!f+0$1'$H!+,!I&-!$,#!*&#,#!0+!6$(-!c'(20!+.!$('6$10S!G6#,'%$(!@$*7,$1'0*!ZNJ!POW5PWZD!!TTTTTTTTTTD!PZXYD!G!*,#$*'0#!+(!1'6(+1+)-H!A+1D!?5ND!@#I!U+,cJ!m+&(!9'1#-!$(2!;+(0D!!mGff>""H!ED;DH!$(2!3Lf@K>UH!hDMDH!?[[ND!!>()$)#6#(*!'(!$7*&#(*'%!)#+0%'#(%#!,#0#$,%&J!!!!>A$17$*'+(!+.!,#0#$,%&!#C4#,'#(%#0!+.!7(2#,),$27$*#0!$(2!0#%+(2$,-!*#$%&#,0H!AD!WPH!(D!PH!4D!\W5Z[D!!n>f@H!>DKDH!G@=!MGfh>@">fH!mDfDH!PZ\OD!!>(&$(%#6#(*!+.!0*72#(*!A$17#0H!'(*#,#0*0!$(2!!$**'*72#0!'(!#$,*&!0%'#(%#!*&,+7)&!$!.'#12!+,'#(*#2!$44,+$%&D!!m+7,($1!+.!:#+1+)'%$1!>27%$*'+(H!AD!N?H!4D!?ZZ5N[WD!!n/@:H!RDKDH!?[[XD!!:#+0%'#(%#!1#$,('()!,#0#$,%&!'(!Ln!&')&#,!#27%$*'+(H!!!IIID)##0D$%D7cD!!KGMnH!=D!PZOYD!=$,I'(`0!.'(%�D!M$68,'2)#J!M$68,'2)#!L('A#,0'*-!h,#00D!!TTTTTTTTD!PZYXD!/01$(2!8'+1+)-!'1170*,$*#2!8-!*&#!1$(2!8',20!+.!m$6$'%$D!;*72'#0!'(!#%+1+)-H!!A+1D!ND!3#,c#1#-J!L('A#,0'*-!+.!M$1'.+,('$!h,#00D!!_GUfH!>D!PZO?D!;-0*#6$*'%0!$(2!*&#!+,')'(!+.!04#%'#0D!@#I!U+,cJ!M+1768'$!L('A#,0'*-!!h,#00D!!!TTTTTTTTTD!PZXND!G('6$1!04#%'#0!$(2!#A+17*'+(D!M$68,'2)#H!_GJ!R$,A$,2!L('A#,0'*-!h,#00D!!_GMGf"RLfH!fD!RD!$(2!>D!ED!9/K;E@D!PZXYH!"&#!*&#+,-!+.!'01$(2!8'+)#+),$4&-D!!_+(+),$4&0!'(!4+471$*'+(!8'+1+)-H!A+1D!PD!h,'(%#*+(H!@mJ!h,'(%#*+(!L('A#,0'*-!h,#00D!!_GfVH!fD!9DH!hD!MD!3KL__g>K=H!mD!;D!nfGMm/nH!3D!g/;R_G@H!>D!;EKE9GUH!fD!:>/>fH!$(2!!fD!"D!"GKD!?[[OD!/(B7',-58$0#2!0%'#(%#!'(!*&#!6'221#!),$2#0J!G00#006#(*!+.!1#$,('()!'(!7,8$(!0-0*#6!,#.+,6D!m+7,($1!+.!f#0#$,%&!'(!;%'#(%#!"#$%&'()!OPJ!P[XN5P[\[D!!@G"/E@GK!f>;>GfMR!MEL@M/KH!PZZXD!@$*'+($1!;%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(!;*$(2$,20J!!9$0&'()*+(H!=DMDH!@$*'+($1!G%$2#6-!h,#00H!?X?!4D!!

??!!@G"/E@GK!;M/>@M>!gEL@=G"/E@H!PZZXD!!;&$4'()!*&#!.7*7,#J!!@#I!#C4#%*$*'+(0!.+,!!7(2#,),$27$*#!#27%$*'+(!'(!0%'#(%#0H!6$*$*'%0H!#()'(##,'()!$(2!*#%&(+1+)-H!@;g5ZX5PNZD!!@/MEKGU;>@H!nDhDH!$(2!f/"">f3L;RH!KD9DH!?[[WD!!m+7,($1!+.!:#+0%'#(%#!>27%$*'+(H!AD!!WNH!(D!?H!4D!PXX5PY?D!!EK/l>fH!fD!?[[YD!>C41+,'()!$(!'(B7',-58$0#2!1#$,('()!$44,+$%&!I'*&!.',0*5-#$,!0*72#(*0!!'(!$!1$,)#!7(2#,),$27$*#!%1$00D!/((+A$*'+(0!'(!#27%$*'+(!$(2!*#$%&'()!'(*#,($*'+($1!OOJ!N5PWD!!;"LnL;H!hD!$(2!K>@@EVH!mD>DH!PZZWD!!L0#!+.!$(!'(A#0*')$*'A#!0#6#0*#,51#()*&!1$8+,$*+,-!!4,+F#%*!'(!$(!'(*,+27%*+,-!6'%,+8'+1+)-!%+7,0#H!m+7,($1!+.!M+11#)#!;%'#(%#!"#$%&'()H!AD!?WH!4D!PNX5PNZD!!UBICK, D., P. PAQUIN, P. E. CUSHING, and V. ROTH, eds. 2005. Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society. !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

?N!!'

Biogeography Documents PDF, PPT , Doc

[PDF] biogeographic zones

  1. Science

  2. Earth Science

  3. Biogeography

[PDF] biogeographic zones meaning

[PDF] biogeographic zones of india

[PDF] biogeographic zones of india map

[PDF] biogeographic zones of india pdf

[PDF] biogeographic zones of india ppt

[PDF] biogeographic zones of india upsc

[PDF] biogeographic zones of world

[PDF] biogeographical

[PDF] biogeography a study of plants in the ecosphere

Politique de confidentialité -Privacy policy