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31513_7ECOLOGY_ENVIRONMENT_AND_DISASTER_MANAGEMENT.pdf VISION IAS www.visionias.in

ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT AND

DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. BIOSPHERE AND WORKING OF ECOSYSTEMS 1-16

2. BIODIVERSITY

17-32

3. PLANT COMMUNITIES AND MAJOR VEGETATION 33-55

4. WETLANDS 56-66

5. ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: CLIMATE CHANGE AND POLLUTION 67-97

6. NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 98-115

7. POST 2015 DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORK-SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT GOALS 116-126

8. NATURAL HAZARDS, DISASTERS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT 117-145

9. GM CROPS 146-151

10. SUSTAINABLE HABITAT GREEN BUILDING NORMS IN INDIA 152-155

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BIOSPHERE AND WORKING OF ECOSYSTEMS

1. BIOSPHERE AND WORKING OF ECOSYSTEMS .................................................................................................... 2

1.1. Biosphere ................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.2. Ecology ...................................................................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Ecosystem .................................................................................................................................................. 2

1.3.1. Components of Ecosystem .................................................................................................................. 2

1.3.2. Types of Ecosystem ............................................................................................................................. 3

1.3.3. Energy Flow in Ecosystem .................................................................................................................... 3

1.3.4. Productivity ......................................................................................................................................... 6

1.3.5. Ecological Niche................................................................................................................................... 6

1.3.6. Habitat ................................................................................................................................................ 6

1.3.7. Species structure ................................................................................................................................. 7

1.3.8. Decomposition .................................................................................................................................... 7

1.3.9. Biomagnification ................................................................................................................................. 7

1.4. Nutrient Cycles........................................................................................................................................... 8

1.5. Succession................................................................................................................................................ 11

1.5.1. Sere ................................................................................................................................................... 11

1.5.2. Climax ............................................................................................................................................... 11

1.6. Biotic Potential ......................................................................................................................................... 12

1.7. Carrying Capacity ..................................................................................................................................... 12

1.8. Ecosystem Services .................................................................................................................................. 12

1.9. Ecotone.................................................................................................................................................... 13

1.9.1. Edge Effect ........................................................................................................................................ 13

1.9.2. Home Range ...................................................................................................................................... 13

1.9.3. Other Important terms: ..................................................................................................................... 13

1.10. UPSC QUESTIONS RELATED TO ABOVE TOPICS ....................................................................................... 14

1.11. PRELIMS QUESTIONS .............................................................................................................................. 14

1. BIOSPHERE AND WORKING OF ECOSYSTEMS

1.1. BIOSPHERE

Biosphere is that part of lithosphere, hydrosphere and atmosphere where plants and human beings live. Biosphere contains all life forms on earth. The biosphere consists of all the living organisms (the biotic component), energy and physical environment (the abiotic component) and there are continuous interactions between living organisms and physical environment and among the living organisms themselves. xThe biosphere consists of two major systems viz. (i) terrestrial biomes systems and (ii) aquatic biomes systems. xThe terrestrial biomes systems are further comprised of three

subsystems viz., (i) plant system, (ii) animal system and (iii) soil system. These subsystems are intimately

interrelated among themselves through the cyclic pathways of movements and transfer of energy and

materials.

xThe aquatic biomes systems are also composed of three sub-systems viz. : (i) Plant system, (ii) Animal

system, and (iii) Nutrients. These three sub-systems of aquatic biomes system of the biosphere are also

intimately interrelated through cyclic pathways of movements of energy and matter among themselves.

xMan depends on biosphere to fulfill many of his needs like food, drugs, clothes, housing, paper and tourism

and environment.

1.2. ECOLOGY

Ecology can be defined as a scientific study of the interactions of organisms with their physical environment and

with each other.

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