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This thesis explores how the ancient Near Eastern Book of Lamentations can be read regular patterns provide safe places from which to lament and grieve Eventually prophetic literature in the Christian Old Testament, following Jeremiah and before Ezekiel This order Nebuchadnezzar, who was driven insane (Dan
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Author(s): Gwendoline Mary Knight
Title: Frameworks, cries and imagery in Lamentations 1-5: Working towards a cross- cultural hermeneutic
Date: February 2011
Originally published as: University of Liverpool PhD thesis Example citation: Knight, G. M. (2011). Frameworks, cries and imagery in Lamentations 1-5: Working towards a cross-cultural hermeneutic. (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Liverpool, United Kingdom.
Version of item: Submitted version
Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10034/209452
FRAMEWORKS, CRIES AND IMAGERY
IN LAMENTATIONS 1-5: Working Towards a Cross-cultural Hermeneutic
Thesis submitted in accordance with the
requirements of the University of
Liverpool for the degree of Doctor in Philosophy
By
Gwendoline Mary Knight
FEBRUARY 2011
i
ABSTRACT
Frameworks, Cries and Imagery in Lamentations 1-5:
Working Towards a Cross-cultural Hermeneutic
Gwendoline Mary Knight
This thesis explores how the ancient Near Eastern Book of Lamentations can be read and interpreted cross-culturally today, so that the reader stays with the structure of the text but also listens to the spontaneity of cries from a bereft and humiliated people as they grapple with grief. The first part sets the scene and develops a hermeneutical model: a double-stranded helix, which demonstrates the tensions between the textual form and psychological content of Lamentations 1-5. The two strands are connected by three cross-strands, which represent frameworks, cries and metaphorical images introduced in the opening stanza of each lyric. In the second part, the model becomes the basis for an examination of the frameworks of the Lamentation lyrics and of psychological grief, which together demonstrate how regular patterns provide safe places from which to lament and grieve. Eventually these frameworks are difficult to maintain without interruption, so an analysis of the translation of cries of lament shows how strong feelings of emotion become audible or are silenced as they break through the containment of traditional borders and structures. In the third part motifs already introduced by the form of frameworks and the sounds of cries are developed further, through metaphorical imagery. Through this fresh approach each poem becomes a new venture by means of stance, voice, and dynamic movement, as communities of men, women and children develop coping strategies for feelings of grief. ii
Declaration
This work is original and has not been submitted previously in support of an application for another degree or qualification of this or any other university or institute of learning.
Signed:
Date:
This thesis contains 95,458 words.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
My thanks go to Dr. Eric Christianson for his enthusiasm and delight in Hebrew poetry, which has energised this thesis throughout and for the helpful criticism and feedback received from Revd. Dr. Ruth Ackroyd, Professor David Clough, Revd. Robert Evans, Professor Tom Greggs, Dr. Wayne Morris, Revd. Canon Professor Loveday Alexander, and colleagues in the network of the University of Chester. I am grateful to Revd. Canon Peter Lee and friends of the Parish Church of St James, Christleton for their understanding and encouragement. I have received good advice from Professor Cheryl Exum and colleagues of the Society of the Study for Old Testament. I appreciate the loyal support of my family and friends, especially Gertrude Wright who has listened over many hours to my struggles and arguments. Above all, I want to thank my husband Bob, who has lived through the ups and downs of grief and lament in all stages of my work, but still took on the job of proofreading the manuscript. iv
ABBREVIATIONS
Bibles and Sacred Texts
AMP Amplified Bible
BDS La Bible du Semeur
CEV Contemporary English Version
DRA Douay-Rheims
GNB Good News Bible
HCV Haitian Créole Version
KJV King James Version
KNO Knox Version
LIV Living Bible
MSG The Message
NASB New American Standard Bible
NIV New International Version Study Bible
NRSV New Revised Standard Version with Apocrypha
NVI Nueva Versión Internacional
TAN Tanakh
Commentaries, Dictionaries Journals, Lexicons etc.
BDB Brown, Driver Briggs
BI Biblical Interpretation
BIJCA Biblical Interpretation: A Journal of Contemporary Approaches
CBQ Catholic Bible Quarterly
CBR Currents in Biblical Research
CDCH Concise Dictionary of Classical Hebrew
DCH Dictionary of Classical Hebrew
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
JOTSSA Journal of the Old Testament Society of South Africa
JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament
JSOT Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
OED Oxford English Dictionary
SJOT Scandinavian Journal of the Old Testament
SOTS Society for Old Testament Study
ZAW eitschrift für die Alttestamentliche Wissenschaft v
FIGURES and TABLES
Figures
1. Ricoeur¶s Hermeneutical and Mimetic Arcs 19
2. Double-stranded Helix Model for Lamentations 1-5 29
3. A Motif Section on the Helix Model 31
4. Helix Model Motifs and Variations 33
5. Lamentations 1-5: Configuring Frameworks and Grief Stages 37
6. Lamentations 1-5: Configuring Cries of Grief and Lament 66