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[PDF] Aerodynamics as the Basis of Aviation - Royal Aeronautical Society
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3811_3aerodynamics_as_the_basis_of_aviation_how_well_did_it_do.pdf Journal of Aeronautical History Paper No. 2018/01 1 Aerodynamics as the Basis of Aviation: How Well Did It Do? J. A. D. Ackroyd
Timperley, Cheshire
In memory of the Royal Aircraft Establishment, its staff and contributions to aerodynamicsAbstract
The paper describes the role of aerodynamics in the enhancement of aeroplane performance. To illustrate this, drag and lift-to-drag data are reviewed, covering the first half-century of powered, controllable flight. The survey begins with the Wright Flyer and the biplanes subsequently developed. This is follow, the new ideas in aerodynamics here leading to significant drag reduction and increased speed. For this phase, data provided by the Royal Aircraft Establishment, which appear to be not widely known, are discussed in some d methods. The survey then turns to the emerging jet age, ending with the early British swept- wing aircraft, forerunners of the Swift and Hunter. The influence of Reynolds number emerges in the survey but the transonic drag rise due to compressibility is not covered. It is hoped that this survey of aerodynamic drag reduction will be of interest to students new to the subject and also to those wishing to learn more of the development of aeronautical science.1. Introduction
This paper is, in one sense, an appendix to two earlier papers published in this Journal. The first (1) This, in part, served Royal Aeronautical Society Cody Lecture inNovember 2015 given to the (2) described
tha Both lectures included material not covered in the two papers, consisting of basic aerodynamic data for a variety of aircraft. Such data, particularly those amassed by the Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE), Farnborough, around the period of the Second World War, might be of interest to a wider audience. first part of this pape-brainer; a grasp of aerodynamics is nowadays accepted without question as an essential part of any successful tle was taken from a lecture presented by Sebastian Finsterwalder (1862 1951) at Lausanne in1909 and published (3) in the following year. One suspects that Finsterwalder had adapted the
title of an earlier book, widely read by aspiring aeronauts, written by the hang-gliding pioneer Otto Lilienthal (1848 1896). That book had the title Bird Flight as the Basis of Aviation (4) and appeared in 1889. At that time and until the early years of the twentieth century, aerodynamics had been an entirely experimental activity in which various wing shapes were tested, shapes often loosely based on those in the natural world. Yet no one was able to say Journal of Aeronautical History Paper No. 2018/01 2 why some wings performed better than others or indeed, more fundamentally, on what rational basis did any of them function. In contrast, Finsterwalder (3) was suggesting that an emulation of bird flight no longer pointed the way forward; in future, guidance would be provided by this new science of aerodynamics. This, he believed, had at last acquired a rational basis resting on sound physical principles. In particular, he was drawing attention to the new circulation theory of lift developed by his Munich colleague, Martin Wilhelm Kutta (1867 - 1944), and the similar ideas of Frederick William Lanchester (1868 - 1946) in Britain. Indeed, on that basis the essential elements of modern wing theory emerged during the next decade, more details of which can be found in Reference 1. ow well answer, the paper reviews certain core aircraft performance data over the years to illustrate the improvements brought about by the application of this new branch of the physical sciences. Two indicators of aerodynamic quality are surveyed, namely the drag coefficient at zero lift CD0 and the maximum lift-to-drag ratio (L/D)max. The latter, however, is shown in Appendix 1 to be intimately related to CD0 and wing aspect ratio. A further important aerodynamic factor is the maximum lift coefficient CLmax, but this is not dealt with here. The main interest is D0In this context the paper can also be Quest for
performance. The evolution of modern aircraft (5). Written by the former Chief Aeronautical is provides a masterly survey of the technical development of the aeroplane which also emphasises the importance of the above two aerodynamic quantities. However, whilst Loftin (5) draws his early examples from British and German aircraft of the First World War, later examples are predominantly those aircraft produced in V X S S O H P H Q W / R I W L Q
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