CMOS voltage references : an analytical and practical - GBV





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CMOS voltage references : an analytical and practical - GBV

REFERENCES AN ANALYTICAL AND PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE Chi-Wah Kok and Wing-Shan Tarn Canaan Microelectronics Corporation Ltd, Hong Kong

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CMOS voltage references : an analytical and practical - GBV 41301_3728410370.pdf

CMOSVOLTAGE

REFERENCES

ANANALYTICALANDPRACTICAL

PERSPECTIVE

Chi-WahKokand

Wing-Shan

Tarn

CanaanMicroelectronicsCorporationLtd,HongKong

IEEE

©WILEY

CONTENTS

AbouttheAuthorsix

Prefacexi

Acknowledgementsxiii

Nomenclaturexv

1Warm Up 1 1.1

Bipolar

JunctionTransistors2

1.1.1DifferentialVBE5

1.2Metal-OxideSemiconductorField-EffectTransistor7

1.2.1Cutoff

Region

11

1.2.2SubthresholdConduction11

1.2.3Triode

Region

14

1.2.4Saturation

Region

16

1.2.5Thermal

Properties

19

1.2.6Channel

Length

ModulationEffect23

1.3Diode23

1.4Resistor25

1.4.1 Dummy

Element27

1.4.2Guard

Ring 27

1.4.3SheetResistance27

1.5Device

Matching

28
1.5.1

Application

ofStatisticstoCircuit

Design

28
1.5.2

Systematic

Variation30

1.6SimulationModelsforCircuit

Design

31

1.6.1ProcessVariationand

TypicalDesign

32

1.6.2ProcessCorners34

1.7Noise

36
1.7.1 Types ofNoises36

1.7.2Sumsand

Multiplications

ofNoises38

1.8FabricationTechnology

39

1.9Book

Organization

40

1.10Exercises

42

References46

viContents 2

Voltage

Reference49

2.1PerformanceMeasures

49

2.1.1Line

Regulation

51
2.1.2

Temperature

Coefficient54

2.1.3Power

SupplyRejection

Ratio56

2.1.4QuiescentCurrent59

2.1.5

Output

Noise60

2.2Other

Design

Considerations62

2.3

Summary

63

2.4Exercises65

References70

3

BandgapVoltage

Reference71

3.1Widlar

BandgapVoltage

ReferenceCircuit71

3.2Drain

VoltageEqualization

CurrentMirror74

3.2.1 Opamp Based ft-MultiplierBandgapVoltage

ReferenceCircuit76

3.2.2

BandgapVoltage

ReferenceCircuit77

3.3MajorCircuitElements81

3.3.1

OperationalAmplifier

81

3.3.2CurrentMirror86

3.3.3

Startup

Circuit88

3.3.4ResistorNetwork93

3.3.5

Bipolar

Transistor94

3.4

CompleteLayout

95
3.5

Summary

95

3.6Exercises96

References101

4ErrorSourcesin

BandgapVoltage

ReferenceCircuit103

4.1Non-Ideal

Opamp 103
4.1.1 Input

Offset

Voltage

104

4.1.2LimitedGainandPower

SupplyRejection

Ratio112

4.1.3Noise113

4.2CurrentMirrorMismatch114

4.2.1Channel

Length

ModulationEffect

Compensation

116

4.2.2CascodeCurrentMirror117

4.3BipolarTransistor122

4.3.1SizeVariation122

4.3.2SeriesBaseResistance122

4.3.3 $

Variation

125
4.4

ResistorVariation126

4.5Power

Supply

Variation127

4.5.1

Pre-Regulation

132
4.6

OutputLoading

135
4.7

Output

Noise138

4.8

Voltage

ReferenceCircuit

Trimming

140

Contentsvii

4.8.1LinkedFuseResistor

Trimming

141
4.8.2

Resistor

Trimming

Circuit

Analysis

142

4.8.3Modulated

Trimming

146
4.8.4

Voltage

Domain

Trimming

148

4.8.5CurrentDomain

Trimming

149
4.9

Summary149

4.10Exercises

151

References161

ADVANCEDVOLTAGEREFERENCECIRCUITS

5

TemperatureCompensationTechniques

165
5.1

Vfi£

- A

VbeCompensation

166

5.1.1Brokaw

BandgapVoltage

Reference168

5.1.2 /J-MultiplierVBE - A

VBECompensation

170

5.2WidlarPTATCurrentSourceand

VbeCompensation

175
5.3 VGS Based

TemperatureCompensation

177

5.3.1VC5CurrentSource178

5.4

Summary

182

5.5Exercises183

References

189

6Sub-lV

Voltage

ReferenceCircuit191

6.1Sub-IV

OutputStage

193
6.2

Voltage

Headroomin

Opamp based /3-multiplierVoltage

ReferenceCircuit195

6.2.1 Opamp with NMOS

InputStage

197

6.2.2Local

VoltageBoosting

198

6.2.3Low

V",

Transistor198

6.2.4Bulk-DrivenTransistors199

6.3Sub-IV

BandgapVoltage

Reference

by

ResistiveDivision199

6.3.1ResistiveDividedVBE

202

6.3.2Independent

BiasedResistiveDividedVbe

206
6.4

Peaking

CurrentSourceand

VBeCompensation

209
6.5

Weighted

AVGsCompensation

211

6.6Summary

214

6.7Exercises

215

References

222
7 High

OrderCurvatureCorrection

223
7.1

Compensation

Order224

7.2SecondOrderTemperatureCompensation

228

7.2.1SecondOrderCurrentSource229

7.2.2CurrentSubtraction

232

7.2.3CurrentAddition

236

7.3BJTCurrentSubtraction

238

7.4PiecewiseLinear

Compensation

240
viiiContents

7.5SumandDifferenceofSourceswithSimilar

TemperatureDependence

243
7.5.1

Differenceof

Voltages

withSimilar

TemperatureDependence

244

7.5.2Sumof

Voltages

withInverted

TemperatureDependence

245

7.5.3Multi-threshold

Voltages

Curvature

CompensatedVoltage

Reference

247

7.6Summary

252

7.7Exercises

253

References

257
8 CMOS

Voltage

ReferencewithoutResistors259

8.1Generationof

Weighted

PTATSource

By

InverseFunctions260

8.1.1

Weighted

DifferentialCircuit260

8.1.2

NegativeImpedance

Converter262

8.2Resistorless

Voltage

andCurrentSources 265

8.2.1Resistorless

Voltage

Source265

8.2.2ResistorlessCurrentSource266

8.3FirstOrder

Compensated

Resistorless

BandgapVoltage

ReferenceCircuit268

8.3.1

Voltage

SummationBasedResistorlessReferenceCircuit269

8.3.2CurrentSummationBasedResistorlessReferenceCircuit270

8.4Resistorless

Sub-Bandgap

ReferenceCircuit270

8.4.1The

Voltage

Summation

Approach

271

8.4.2CTAT

Voltage

Reduction273

8.5

Summary

279

8.6Exercises280

References281

ASPICEModelFile

283

BSPICENetlistofVoltageReferenceCircuit287

Index289


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