Chapter 12: DNA Technology and Genomics Guided Reading Activities Big idea: Gene cloning Answer the following questions as you read modules 12 1–12 5:
Biotechnology, the twentieth century off-shoot of modern Chapter 12 Biotechnology fertilisation leading to a 'test-tube' baby, synthesising a gene
applications are highlighted and discussed in this unit Chapter 11 Biotechnology : Principles and Processes Chapter 12 Biotechnology and Its Applications
Chapter 12 DNA genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes for Figure 12 11 Cell nucleus DNA of eukaryotic gene Test tube Transcription
PDF document for free
- PDF document for free
![[PDF] Chapter 12 - LTCC Online](https://pdfprof.com/EN_PDFV2/Docs/PDF_3/43674_3_12_Lecture.pdf.jpg "[PDF] Chapter 12 - LTCC Online")
43674_3_12_Lecture.pdf © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.Lectures by Edward J. Zalisko
PowerPoint®Lectures for
Campbell Essential Biology, Fifth Edition,and
Campbell Essential Biology with Physiology,
Fourth Edition
Eric J. Simon, Jean L. Dickey, and Jane B. Reece
Chapter 12
DNA Technology
Biology and Society:
DNA, Guilt, and Innocence
DNA profiling is the analysis of DNA samples that can be used to determine whether the samples come from the same individual. DNA profiling can therefore be used in courts to indicate if someone is guilty of a crime.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.0
DNA technology has led to other advances in the creation of genetically modified crops and identification and treatment of genetic diseases.
Biology and Society:
DNA, Guilt, and Innocence
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology
is the manipulation of organisms or their components to make useful products and has been used for thousands of years to make bread using yeast and selectively breed livestock for desired traits.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Biotechnology today means the use of DNA
technology, techniques for studying and manipulating genetic material, modifying specific genes, and moving genes between organisms.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recombinant DNA is constructed when scientists combine pieces of DNA from two different sources to form a single DNA molecule.
Recombinant DNA technology is widely used in
genetic engineering, the direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes.
RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.1
Animals
By transferring the gene for a desired protein into a bacterium or yeast, proteins that are naturally present in only small amounts can be produced in large quantities.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Making Humulin
pharmaceutical product was sold.
Humulin, human insulin
was produced by genetically modified bacteria and is used today by more than 4 million people with diabetes.
Today, humulin is continuously produced in
gigantic fermentation vats filled with a liquid culture of bacteria.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.2
Figure 12.3
DNA technology is used to produce medically
valuable molecules, including human growth hormone (HGH), the hormone erythropoietin (EPO), which stimulates production of red blood cells, and vaccines, harmless variants or derivatives of a pathogen used to prevent infectious diseases.
Making Humulin
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
Today, DNA technology is quickly replacing
traditional breeding programs.
Scientists have produced many types of
genetically modified (GM) organisms, organisms that have acquired one or more genes by artificial means.
A transgenic organismcontains a gene from
another organism, typically of another species.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
In the United States today, roughly half of the corn crop and more than three-quarters of the soybean and cotton crops are genetically modified. Corn has been genetically modified to resist insect infestation, attack by an insect called the European corn borer.
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.4
Strawberry plants produce bacterial proteins that act as a natural antifreeze, protecting the plants from cold weather. Potatoes and rice have been modified to produce harmless proteins derived from the cholera bacterium and may one day serve as edible vaccines.
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
is a transgenic variety of rice that carries genes from daffodils and corn and could help prevent vitamin A deficiency and resulting blindness.
Genetically Modified (GM) Foods
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.5
A transgenic pig has been produced that carries a gene for human hemoglobin, which can be isolated and used in human blood transfusions.
In 2006, genetically modified pigs carried
roundworm genes that produce proteins that convert less healthy fatty acids to omega-3 fatty acids. However, unlike transgenic plants, no transgenic animals are yet sold as food.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.6
Recombinant DNA Techniques
Bacteria are the workhorses of modern
biotechnology. To work with genes in the laboratory, biologists often use bacterial plasmids, small, circular DNA molecules that replicate separately from the larger bacterial chromosome.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.7
Plasmids
Bacterial
chromosome
Remnant of
bacterium
Colorized TEM
Plasmids
can carry virtually any gene, can act as vectors, DNA carriers that move genes from one cell to another, and are ideal for gene cloning, the production of multiple identical copies of a gene-carrying piece of DNA.
Recombinant DNA Techniques
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Recombinant DNA techniques can help biologists produce large quantities of a desired protein.
Recombinant DNA Techniques
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.UN01DNA isolated from
two sources and cut by same restriction enzyme
Gene of interest
(could be obtained from a library or synthesized)
Recombinant
DNA
Plasmid
(vector)
Transgenic organisms
Useful products
Figure 12.8
Plasmid
Bacterial cellIsolate plasmids.12
3 4 5 6 7
Cut both DNAs
with same enzyme.
Isolate DNA.
Gene of interest Other genes
DNA fragments
from cell DNA
Cell containing
the gene of interest
Mix the DNA fragments and join them together.
Gene of interest
Recombinant DNA plasmids
Bacteria take up recombinant plasmids.
Recombinant bacteria
Bacterial cloneClone the bacteria.
Find the clone with the gene of interest.
A protein is used to
dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy.
A protein is used to prepare
-
Bacteria
produce proteins, which can be harvested and used directly.
The gene
and protein of interest are isolated from the bacteria.
Genes may
be inserted into other organisms.
Some uses
of genes
Some uses
of proteins
A gene for pest
resistance is inserted into plants.
A gene is used to alter
bacteria for cleaning up toxic waste. 8
Figure 12.8c
8
Protein for
dissolving clots
Protein for
- jeans
Harvested
proteins may be used directly.
The gene
and protein of interest are isolated from the bacteria.
Genes may
be inserted into other organisms.
Some uses
of genes
Some uses
of proteins Gene for pest resistance
Genes for
cleaning up toxic waste
A Closer Look: Cutting and Pasting DNA with
Restriction Enzymes
Recombinant DNA is produced by combining two
ingredients:
1.a bacterial plasmid and
2.the gene of interest.
To combine these ingredients, a piece of DNA
must be spliced into a plasmid.
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
This splicing process can be accomplished by
using restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites), and producing pieces of DNA called restriction fragments
DNA from different sources.
A Closer Look: Cutting and Pasting DNA with
Restriction Enzymes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
DNA ligase connects the DNA pieces into
continuous strands by forming bonds between adjacent nucleotides.
A Closer Look: Cutting and Pasting DNA with
Restriction Enzymes
© 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 12.9-4
Recognition site (recognition sequence)
for a restriction enzyme
Restriction
enzyme DNA DNA ligase
Recombinant DNA molecule
A DNA fragment is added from
another source.
A restriction enzyme cuts the
DNA into fragments.
Fragments stick together by
base pairing.
DNA ligase joins the fragments
into strands. 1 2 3 4
A Closer Look: Obtaining the Gene of Interest
How can a researcher obtain DNA that encodes a particular gene of interest? $
Genetic Engineering Documents PDF, PPT , Doc